Ethno-racial (in)equality: a typology of employment policy frames in Belgium

Racialization and belonging in higher education: Counternarratives of Turkish Belgian students from a community cultural wealth perspective.

“…Systemic and educational inequities are often explained in Belgium by referring to the so-called individual and cultural deficiencies (e.g., language, culture, attitude) of ethnic minorities, obscuring the role of racialization processes in upholding them (Clycq et al, 2014; Westerveen, 2022). For instance, students speaking non-Western languages as their home language are often labeled as having a “taalachterstand” (language deficiency) that supposedly stands in the way of their educational achievement rather than being recognized for their multilingual competencies (Agirdag, 2010).…”