Ethnicity based differences in statin use and hypercholesterolemia control among patients with premature coronary artery disease-results of I-PAD study

Fundamental neurochemistry review: Old brain stories ‐ Influence of age and sex on the neurodegeneration‐associated lipid changes

“…Different analyses have shown alterations in the ganglioside composition in different brain areas of AD patients (Ariga, 2017;Barrier et al, 2007;Chan et al, 2012;Kracun et al, 1992). In general terms, changes lead to an accumulation of simple gangliosides (e.g., GM2, GM3) and reduction of the complex series (e.g., GM1, GD1a, GD1b) (Kao et al, 2020;Sipione et al, 2020). In the Abca7 KO mice, a negative correlation between GD1a levels and Aβ42 was in males but not in females.…”

“…Although considerable advances have been done, the factors initiating and contributing to their pathogenesis are not completely understood. In this line, adequate lipid homeostasis is crucial for brain functions and existing evidence indicates that the disruption of lipid metabolism is a key contributor to different neurodegenerative processes, including dementia, AD, and PD (Chiurchiù et al, 2022;Grassi et al, 2020;Hallett et al, 2019;Kao et al, 2020; McFarlane & Kędziora-Kornatowska, 2019; Moll et al, 2020Moll et al, , 2021Wong et al, 2017).…”

“…In addition, the interaction of newly formed, membrane-bound Aβ interaction with GM1 present at high levels in lipid rafts is a major trigger for the formation of toxic soluble Aβ aggregates and of insoluble amyloid fibrils (Hartmann, 2011). Recently published works collected the brain lipid changes in AD patients and experimental models of the disease and therefore will not be repeated here (Chew et al, 2020;Kao et al, 2020;Penke et al, 2018;Yin, 2022). Here, we collect those studies that explore lipid-related changes in AD using a sex-disaggregated approach.…”

“…Altogether, these evidence point out that statins might have both positive and detrimental effects on the nervous system, which can be ascribed to different factors (e.g., severity of disease, type and dose of statins, variable indicators to evaluate the outcome, duration of treatment, ethnicity, etc.) (Karimi et al, 2023;Ruscica et al, 2021;Shepardson et al, 2011).…”

“…The brain is the most lipid-rich organ and lipids account for at least 50% of its dry weight (Kao et al, 2020;O'Brien & Sampson, 1965;Sastry, 1985). Briefly, the lipid composition of the brain comprises around 50% phospholipids, below 40% glycolipids, and 10% cholesterol (including cholesterol ester and traces of triglycerides).…”