“…As Evans, Mistry, & Moreiras (2007) also noted, this suggests that non-native parental traits can be acquired at very early stages, and that their retention or loss may be governed by shifts in the balance of input and social integration with particular peer groups, as in the case of native speaker migration and contact (Kerswill & Williams, 2000). 2 Finally, many studies have indicated that foreign traits can become a source of new raw material in dialect change, to mark affiliation or to inscribe new social boundaries (Cheshire, Fox, Kerswill, & Torgersen, 2011;Chun, 2009;Eckert, 1989: 260;Hall-Lew, 2009;Labov, 1963:307, Laferriere, 1979Newman, 2010;Prince, 1988:516;Urcioli, 1991:307;Zentella, 1997:175). Indeed, in our own and other research, originally exogenous traits are identifiable even among third-generation speakers (Guzzo, 2009;Hall-Lew & Starr, 2010;Penfield & Ornstein-Galicia, 1985).…”