Ethnicity and gender in scales of psychosis proneness and mood disorders.

Chmielewski, Phillip M.; Fernandes, Leyan O. L.; Yee, Cindy M.; Miller, Gregory A.

doi:10.1037//0021-843x.104.3.464

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A flowchart detailing the study selection procedures is in eFigure 1 in Supplement 1, and an overview of the study characteristics is presented in eTable 2 in Supplement 1. Of 64 studies in the systematic review, 47 studies were included in the meta-analysis comprising 54 929 people with schizophrenia (4653 Asian, 15 146 Black, 14 516 Latinx, 19 744 White, and 870 with other ethnoracial group) and 223 097 people (16 951 Asian, 25 528 Black, 17 683 Latinx, 156 627 White, and 6308 with other ethnoracial group) with data on PSs/PEs. We included 32 studies on psychotic disorder, 3 studies on CHR-P syndrome, and 29 studies on PSs/PEs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of 64 studies in the systematic review, 47 studies were included in the meta-analysis comprising 54 929 people with schizophrenia (4653 Asian, 15 146 Black, 14 516 Latinx, 19 744 White, and 870 with other ethnoracial group) and 223 097 people (16 951 Asian, 25 528 Black, 17 683 Latinx, 156 627 White, and 6308 with other ethnoracial group) with data on PSs/PEs. We included 32 studies on psychotic disorder, 3 studies on CHR-P syndrome, and 29 studies on PSs/PEs. Ethnoracial group was assessed using clinician or self-assessment, and most studies captured selected self-identification at the intersection of the US Census racial taxonomy (eg, Asian, Black, White) and Latinx ethnicity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the studies that assessed PSs and PEs by ethnoracial status, 12 were from general population, 9 from US colleges, and 8 from clinical or mixed clinical and community samples …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most college sample studies, Black individuals endorsed significantly more attenuated psychotic experiences or schizotypy symptoms compared with White individuals . Findings regarding Latinx and White college students were mixed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Asian students were more likely to endorse PEs than Latinx, multiracial, and White students. Only 1 study found no ethnoracial group differences in schizotypy symptoms (eResults in Supplement 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethnoracial Risk Variation Across the Psychosis Continuum in the US

van der Ven,

Olino,

Diehl

et al. 2024

JAMA Psychiatry

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ImportanceStudies suggest a higher risk of schizophrenia diagnoses in Black vs White Americans, yet a systematic investigation of disparities that include other ethnoracial groups and multiple outcomes on the psychosis continuum is lacking.ObjectiveTo identify ethnoracial risk variation in the US across 3 psychosis continuum outcomes (ie, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, clinical high risk for psychosis [CHR-P], and psychotic symptoms [PSs] and psychotic experiences [PEs]).Data SourcesPubMed, PsycINFO and Embase were searched up to December 2022.Study SelectionObservational studies on ethnoracial differences in risk of 3 psychosis outcomes.Data Extraction and SynthesisPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Using a random-effects model, estimates for ethnoracial differences in schizophrenia and PSs/PEs were pooled and moderation by sampling and setting was determined, along with the assessment of heterogeneity and risk of bias.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRisk of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorder, CHR-P, and conversion to psychosis among CHR-P and PSs/PEs.ResultsOf 64 studies in the systematic review, 47 were included in the meta-analysis comprising 54 929 people with schizophrenia and 223 097 with data on PSs/PEs. Compared with White individuals, Black individuals had increased risk of schizophrenia (pooled odds ratio [OR], 2.07; 95% CI, 1.64-2.61) and PSs/PEs (pooled standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03-0.16), Latinx individuals had higher risk of PSs/PEs (pooled SMD, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.08-0.22), and individuals classified as other ethnoracial group were at significantly higher risk of schizophrenia than White individuals (pooled OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.31-2.50). The results regarding CHR-P studies were mixed and inconsistent. Sensitivity analyses showed elevated odds of schizophrenia in Asian individuals in inpatient settings (pooled OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.19-2.84) and increased risk of PEs among Asian compared with White individuals, specifically in college samples (pooled SMD, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.02-0.29). Heterogeneity across studies was high, and there was substantial risk of bias in most studies.Conclusions and RelevanceFindings of this systematic review and meta-analysis revealed widespread ethnoracial risk variation across multiple psychosis outcomes. In addition to diagnostic, measurement, and hospital bias, systemic influences such as structural racism should be considered as drivers of ethnoracial disparities in outcomes across the psychosis continuum in the US.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the studies that assessed PSs and PEs by ethnoracial status, 12 were from general population, 9 from US colleges, and 8 from clinical or mixed clinical and community samples …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Ethnoracial Risk Variation Across the Psychosis Continuum in the US

van der Ven,

Olino,

Diehl

et al. 2024

JAMA Psychiatry

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Negative schizotypal traits predict the reduction of reward motivation in effort–reward imbalance

Yan

Wang

et al. 2022

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Unpleasant and pleasant referential thinking: Relations with self-processing, paranoia, and other schizotypal traits

Cicero

Kerns

2011

Journal of Research in Personality

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Referential thinking is the tendency to view innocuous stimuli as having a specific meaning for the self and is associated with personality traits and disorders. In three studies, this research examined the relations among referential thinking, self-processing, and paranoia. In study 1, follow-up questions on the Referential Thinking Scale (Lenzenweger, Bennett, & Lilenfeld, 1997) revealed that referential thoughts are experienced as unpleasant and pleasant. In Study 2, unpleasant referential thinking was more strongly associated with paranoia and maladaptive self-processing and personality. CFAs in Study 1 and 2 found that unpleasant and pleasant referential thinking loaded on different factors. In Study 3, a group of participants with elevated schizotypal personality reported more unpleasant and pleasant referential thoughts than a control group.

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Ethnicity and gender in scales of psychosis proneness and mood disorders.

Cited by 26 publications

References 29 publications

Ethnoracial Risk Variation Across the Psychosis Continuum in the US

Ethnoracial Risk Variation Across the Psychosis Continuum in the US

Negative schizotypal traits predict the reduction of reward motivation in effort–reward imbalance

Unpleasant and pleasant referential thinking: Relations with self-processing, paranoia, and other schizotypal traits

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