Ethnic identity in urban African American youth: Exploring links with self‐worth, aggression, and other psychosocial variables

Exploring The Link Between Black Racial Identity And Mental Health

“…Racial identity is also the extent to which an individual identifies with their racial group. Racial Identity "focuses on the social and political impact of a visible group membership has on an individual's psychological functioning [2]. Ethnic identity was also linked to the mental health problems of people of color.…”

Attending to systemic racism : advancing public health's approach to youth violence prevention.

“…however, high levels of racial identity has been found to offset the societal stigmatization of being an Black males and reduces violent behavior (Arbona et al, 1999;Caldwell et al, 2004;McMahon & Watts, 2002;Paschall & Hubbard, 1998). These findings suggest that Black youth who have a strong sense of racial identity are less likely to engage in violent behaviors (Caldwell et al, 2004).…”

“…Black males with low racial identity may engage in stereotypically "reactive masculinity" to maintain a positive self-image (McMahon & Watts, 2002);…”

A culturally-sensitive model of the development of child anxiety.

“…More specifically, Greene and colleagues (2006) found that, although African American adolescents reported steeper elevations in perceived discrimination over time relative to Puerto Rican adolescents, ethnic identity and ethnicity moderated the extent to which perceived discrimination predicted changes in psychological well-being over time. Moreover, research suggests that a positive sense of ethnic-racial group membership may mitigate the internalization of negative stereotypes associated with psychological distress, low self-esteem, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and poorer school performance in African American children (APA, 2008;McMahon & Watts, 2002;Sellers, Copeland-Linder, Martin, & L'Heureux Lewis, 2006). Most recently, a study conducted by Williams and colleagues (2012) examined the effects of ethnic identity on anxiety and depression in a sample of 572 African American and non-Hispanic White young adults.…”

“…American youth (APA, 2008;McMahon & Watts, 2002;Sellers, Copeland-Linder, Martin, & L'Heureux Lewis, 2006). However, it is important to consider that previous research on ethnic identity has generally focused on adolescent samples, thus limiting the availability of comparative data on the relationship between ethnic identity and anxiety in children ages of 8-13.…”