Ethnic differences in self‐assessed health in Scotland: The role of socio‐economic status and migrant generation

Cézard, Geneviève; Finney, Nissa; Kulu, Hill; Marshall, Alan

doi:10.1002/psp.2403

Cited by 8 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The poorer mental well-being observed among the Pakistani/Bangladeshi, other ethnicities group, and non-UK born individuals could be related to the socio-economic and lifestyle differences or to place-related contextual differences. Literature on ethnic inequalities in health has shown that ethnic minorities often live in more disadvantaged communities, and have lower socio-economic status, lower healthcare coverage and higher job/income insecurity [ 34 , 73 , 74 ], which increases their risk of physical and mental illness. Nevertheless, our analysis adjusted for the main socio-economic and lifestyle factors of individuals including age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, financial situation, and cigarette smoking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution and individuals’ mental well-being in the adult population in United Kingdom: A spatial-temporal longitudinal study and the moderating effect of ethnicity

et al. 2022

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Background Recent studies suggest an association between ambient air pollution and mental well-being, though evidence is mostly fragmented and inconclusive. Research also suffers from methodological limitations related to study design and moderating effect of key demographics (e.g., ethnicity). This study examines the effect of air pollution on reported mental well-being in United Kingdom (UK) using spatial-temporal (between-within) longitudinal design and assesses the moderating effect of ethnicity. Methods Data for 60,146 adult individuals (age:16+) with 349,748 repeated responses across 10-data collection waves (2009–2019) from “Understanding-Society: The-UK-Household-Longitudinal-Study” were linked to annual concentrations of NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 pollutants using the individuals’ place of residence, given at the local-authority and at the finer Lower-Super-Output-Areas (LSOAs) levels; allowing for analysis at two geographical scales across time. The association between air pollution and mental well-being (assessed through general-health-questionnaire-GHQ12) and its modification by ethnicity and being non-UK born was assessed using multilevel mixed-effect logit models. Results Higher odds of poor mental well-being was observed with every 10μg/m3 increase in NO2, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants at both LSOAs and local-authority levels. Decomposing air pollution into spatial-temporal (between-within) effects showed significant between, but not within effects; thus, residing in more polluted local-authorities/LSOAs have higher impact on poor mental well-being than the air pollution variation across time within each geographical area. Analysis by ethnicity revealed higher odds of poor mental well-being with increasing concentrations of SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 only for Pakistani/Bangladeshi, other-ethnicities and non-UK born individuals compared to British-white and natives, but not for other ethnic groups. Conclusion Using longitudinal individual-level and contextual-linked data, this study highlights the negative effect of air pollution on individuals’ mental well-being. Environmental policies to reduce air pollution emissions can eventually improve the mental well-being of people in UK. However, there is inconclusive evidence on the moderating effect of ethnicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution and individuals’ mental well-being in the adult population in United Kingdom: A spatial-temporal longitudinal study and the moderating effect of ethnicity

et al. 2022

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“…Mortality from all causes was also shown to be lower for immigrants in England and Wales (Wallace & Kulu, 2015). This could be explained by the "healthy migrant effect": immigrants who leave their countries of origin tend to be healthier than those who stay in the country of origin and the population in the destination country (Cézard et al, 2020;Wallace & Kulu, 2014). Yet over time, immigrants assimilate to the culture and living habits of the destination country, a process named as "acculturation", gradually exhibiting health behaviours related to their diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption similar to that of the native population (Abraído-Lanza et al, 2005).…”

Section: Mechanisms Underlying Ethnic Inequalities In Health In the C...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies show that ethnic minorities have poor health due to the fact that they live in more disadvantaged communities and have lower socio-economic status as well as poor housing conditions and healthcare coverage as compared to the majority of population (Egede, 2006;Pearce et al, 2006;Su et al, 2011). In the UK, the poorest health is often reported by Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnic groups, followed by Caribbeans and Indians (Cézard et al, 2020;Nazroo, 2003). However, when socioeconomic factors such as educational attainment, occupation, social class, income, and household tenure, are controlled for these observed differences by ethnic groups are significantly reduced (Cézard et al, 2020;Evandrou et al, 2016).…”

Section: Mechanisms Underlying Ethnic Inequalities In Health In the C...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the UK, the poorest health is often reported by Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnic groups, followed by Caribbeans and Indians (Cézard et al, 2020;Nazroo, 2003). However, when socioeconomic factors such as educational attainment, occupation, social class, income, and household tenure, are controlled for these observed differences by ethnic groups are significantly reduced (Cézard et al, 2020;Evandrou et al, 2016). A study conducted in Sweden showed that people of Turkish origin were less likely to report poor health as compared to the native Swedish people, once economic resources and educational level had been accounted for (Wiking et al, 2004).…”

Section: Mechanisms Underlying Ethnic Inequalities In Health In the C...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure Affect Self-Reported Health and Limiting Long Term Illness Disproportionately for Ethnic Minorities in the UK? A Census-Based Individual Level Analysis

Ahad

Demšar

Sullivan

et al. 2022

Appl. Spatial Analysis

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Previous studies have investigated the impact of air pollution on health and mortality. However, there is little research on how this impact varies by individuals’ ethnicity. Using a sample of more than 2.5-million individuals aged 16 and older from the 2011 UK census linked to 10-years air pollution data, this article investigates the effect of air pollution on self-reported general health and limiting long-term illness (LLTI) in five main ethnic groups and by country of birth in UK. The association of air pollution with self-reported health and LLTI by individual’s ethnicity was examined using two levels mixed-effects generalised-linear models. Pakistani/Bangladeshi, Indian, Black/African/Caribbean, and other ethnic minorities and people born outside UK/Ireland were more likely to report poorer health and the presence of LLTI than White-group and UK/Ireland born individuals. Higher concentrations of NO2, SO2 and CO pollutants were associated with poorer self-reported health and the presence of LLTI in the UK population. Analysis by ethnicity showed a more pronounced effect of NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and CO air pollution on poor self-reported health and the presence of LLTI among ethnic minorities, mostly for people from Black/African/Caribbean origin compared to White people, and among non-UK/Ireland born individuals compared to natives. Using a large-scale individual-level census data linked to air pollution spatial data, our study supports the long-term deteriorating effect of air pollution on self-reported health and LLTI, which is more pronounced for ethnic minorities and non-natives.

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“…In neighbouring Scotland,Cézard et al (2020) investigate the selfreported health of migrants and their descendants, where it has long been recognised that immigrants experience substantial health and SES advantages over the native population. They use individual-level data from a unique data source-the Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage Study (SHELS) study, which links data for all Scottish 2001 Census respondents (4.6 million people, 94% of the whole population) with hospitalisation and mortality records.…”

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confidence: 99%

Editorial introduction: Social and spatial inequalities in health and mortality: The analysis of longitudinal register data from selected European countries

Keenan

Kulu

Cox

2021

Population Space and Place

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Health inequalities—systematic differences in health outcomes between social groups and across spatial units—are ubiquitous, but not necessarily inevitable. They are the product of a complex interplay of social and economic processes operating at various scales. The unequal pattern of infection and death seen in the Covid‐19 pandemic has served to highlight the stark social gradient in health that exists within many European countries. Although the complex social determinants of health have been studied for many decades, there is still a great deal of work to do to elucidate explanations for health inequalities across time and space. To rise to the challenge, we need high‐quality, representative data capable of capturing multi‐scalar longitudinal processes. This special issue brings together eight new studies which all use national population register data linked with various other sources of administrative data (e.g., residence, tax and health records) to investigate different vectors of inequalities in health and mortality, covering spatial, socioeconomic, ethnic and migrant status. This editorial outlines their contributions, argues for the invaluable role of population register data to understand health inequalities and suggests promising future research avenues.

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Ethnic differences in self‐assessed health in Scotland: The role of socio‐economic status and migrant generation

Cited by 8 publications

References 82 publications

Air pollution and individuals’ mental well-being in the adult population in United Kingdom: A spatial-temporal longitudinal study and the moderating effect of ethnicity

Air pollution and individuals’ mental well-being in the adult population in United Kingdom: A spatial-temporal longitudinal study and the moderating effect of ethnicity

Does Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure Affect Self-Reported Health and Limiting Long Term Illness Disproportionately for Ethnic Minorities in the UK? A Census-Based Individual Level Analysis

Editorial introduction: Social and spatial inequalities in health and mortality: The analysis of longitudinal register data from selected European countries

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