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Introduction. The interest of world science in assessing the ethnic diversity of countries and regions predetermines the development of the concept of ethnocontact zones. To test new methods within the framework of the concept, there is a need to conduct research not only at the regional, but also at the intraregional levels. The purpose of the study is to classify the municipalities of Chuvashia, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan according to ethnic dynamics in the post-Soviet period using the methodology developed by the authors in accordance with the concept of ethno-contact zones. Materials and Methods. The empirical basis of the study is ethnic statistics at the level of municipalities of the republics based on the results of the population censuses of 1989, 2002 and 2010. The authorsʼ method of identifying the phases of development of ethnocontact zones, which was first applied at the municipal level, is presented. Results. The general trend of ethnic processes in the last decade of the 20th century was the titularization of the population of the republics (with the exception of Chuvashia), and in the first decade of the 21st century – detitularisation of the population (except for Tatarstan). The processes of titularisation and detitularisation at the level of municipalities are determined both by the general trend in the change in the share of the titular population of the republics, and by ethnogeographic features associated with the different proportion of titular peoples in municipalities, which is largely due to their central, semi-peripheral or peripheral position within the republics. Discussion and Conclusion. The spatial patterns of ethnic dynamics revealed in the course of the study, corresponding to certain phases of development of ethnocontact zones, make it possible to forecast ethnic processes at the intraregional level. However, such a forecast is possible only if the general trend of ethnic processes at the level of national formations is known. For this reason, the new task in the course of developing the concept of ethnocontact zones was to study the dynamics of ethnocontact zones on a regional scale over a long time interval, which will allow us to proceed to predicting the development of these ethnocontact zones in the medium and long term.
Introduction. The interest of world science in assessing the ethnic diversity of countries and regions predetermines the development of the concept of ethnocontact zones. To test new methods within the framework of the concept, there is a need to conduct research not only at the regional, but also at the intraregional levels. The purpose of the study is to classify the municipalities of Chuvashia, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan according to ethnic dynamics in the post-Soviet period using the methodology developed by the authors in accordance with the concept of ethno-contact zones. Materials and Methods. The empirical basis of the study is ethnic statistics at the level of municipalities of the republics based on the results of the population censuses of 1989, 2002 and 2010. The authorsʼ method of identifying the phases of development of ethnocontact zones, which was first applied at the municipal level, is presented. Results. The general trend of ethnic processes in the last decade of the 20th century was the titularization of the population of the republics (with the exception of Chuvashia), and in the first decade of the 21st century – detitularisation of the population (except for Tatarstan). The processes of titularisation and detitularisation at the level of municipalities are determined both by the general trend in the change in the share of the titular population of the republics, and by ethnogeographic features associated with the different proportion of titular peoples in municipalities, which is largely due to their central, semi-peripheral or peripheral position within the republics. Discussion and Conclusion. The spatial patterns of ethnic dynamics revealed in the course of the study, corresponding to certain phases of development of ethnocontact zones, make it possible to forecast ethnic processes at the intraregional level. However, such a forecast is possible only if the general trend of ethnic processes at the level of national formations is known. For this reason, the new task in the course of developing the concept of ethnocontact zones was to study the dynamics of ethnocontact zones on a regional scale over a long time interval, which will allow us to proceed to predicting the development of these ethnocontact zones in the medium and long term.
There are several approaches to the process of studying the history of the formation of ethnic groups in the region, in particular, the historical-socio-geographical one, in which the influence of the natural (landscape-paleogeographical) factor on the processes of development and settlement of the territory is considered in a retrospective aspect. The purpose of the study is to show the need to take into account the historical process of territory development, i.e. conducting a retrospective analysis in assessing the landscape-ethnographic situation. Along with natural methods, archaeological methods are used (excavations, stratigraphy of cultural layers, methods of absolute dating, metallography) and historical and sociocultural (historical sections, diachronic, comparative). Comprehensive historical and geographical information is necessary for almost any geographical research. The spatial and temporal basis of the regions provides for the creation of an information database (history of landscape development during the existence of man, in particular, changes in nature management practices) and includes the obligatory historical and geographical analysis and synthesis of the region, carried out by studying event processes and their consequences. As a result, a historical-geographical periodization is created, which makes it possible to study the relationships in the “landscape–ethnos–nature use” system over historical time and determine the dynamics of the formation of the ethnic picture of the region. In the course of the study, the following periods of development of the landscapes of the Crimean Peninsula were identified: the Late Bronze Age, the Early Iron Age, antiquity and the Middle Ages. The synthesis of the obtained information makes it possible to create schemes of historical-geographical zoning into multi-temporal slices. The results obtained will make it possible to trace the continuity of the cores of the formation of ethnic communities, models of their settlement systems, schemes of migration processes for various time slices. The practical significance of the project lies in the creation of a series of electronic maps of the change in the ethnographic situation of the Crimean peninsula during human development, which will be completed with an integral geographic information system.
Despite the significant cartographic elaboration of the subject related to the dynamics of the ethnic composition of the Crimean population in the 20th and early 21st centuries, there is one aspect of ethnodemographic dynamics that has been studied to a lesser extent using the cartographic method. The purpose of the study is to identify shifts in the settlement of the main peoples of Crimea (Russians, Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars) during the 20th century and the beginning of the XXI century. The entire period of cartographic research is divided into two-time intervals—from 1926 to 2001 and from 2001 to 2014. Interval from 1926 to 2001 made it possible to compare the settlement of the Crimean Tatars before deportation (1944) and after the main stage of their repatriation (1990s). By 2001, there was an increased concentration of Crimean Tatars in the northern, steppe part of the peninsula, which is explained by restrictions on their residence at the first stage of their repatriation. Also, in the steppe part of Crimea, the concentration of the Ukrainian population, invited to these territories at the final stage of the Great Patriotic War, became higher. Interval from 2001 to 2014 made it possible to trace changes in the settlement of the main peoples of the Peninsula after the Crimea changed its political subjectivity. For all three main peoples of Crimea, there is a shift in settlement from the northeast to the southwest of the peninsula, which corresponds to the general migration movement of the population of the region during this period. Part of the Ukrainian population left the northern regions of Crimea for political reasons. Crimean Tatars began to actively move to the Bakhchisaray region and to the Southern Coast of the Peninsula.
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