Ethics in human research

Mandal, Jharna; Acharya, S.; Parija, Subhash Chandra

doi:10.4103/2229-5070.72105

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…The time period for searching was extended to 1945 as that is the period when ethics in research became more formalised following the atrocities that occurred during World War II. Revelation of these atrocities eventually culminated in the Nuremberg Code in 1948, which reinforced that participation in research must be voluntary and the benefits must outweigh the risks (Mandal, et al, 2011). Only English language publications were included for review.…”

Section: Eligibility Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of the experiences of vulnerable people participating in research on sensitive topics

Alexander

Pillay

Smith

2018

International Journal of Nursing Studies

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Although researchers frequently experience obstacles and the phenomenon known as "gatekeeping" when attempting to conduct research amongst vulnerable populations, there is little evidence of harm to participants. On the contrary, there is evidence of benefit for participants and evidence that they are willing to participate if given the opportunity. Although well-meaning, the actions of gatekeepers are not only paternalistic, they could be further marginalising vulnerable populations by denying them the benefits to be gained from research designed to identify and begin addressing their needs.

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Section: Eligibility Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of the experiences of vulnerable people participating in research on sensitive topics

Alexander

Pillay

Smith

2018

International Journal of Nursing Studies

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“…Legislation and ethical guidelines have arisen to guide scientists through ethical dilemmas and prevent forms of abuse that were more common in the past. Classical examples include the use of orphans to carry smallpox live vaccine through arm-to-arm transportation across the Atlantic Ocean during the 19th century―this involves vaccinating a child and then transferring the vaccine to another as soon as the infectious pustule forms [55]; medical research conducted with prisoners by German doctors; and the infamous Tuskegee research, in which African-Americans that had syphilis unknowingly were not given treatment so the doctors could study the natural progress of the disease in rural American areas between 1932 and 1972 [56]. After World War II and the subsequent Nuremberg trials, rules and principles to guide research with human beings emerged.…”

Section: The Ethical Framework Of Deontology and Utilitarianismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical and Scientific Pitfalls Concerning Laboratory Research with Non-Human Primates, and Possible Solutions

Carvalho

Gaspar

Knight

et al. 2018

Animals

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Simple SummaryLegislation and guidelines governing biomedical research with humans and non-human primates (NHPs) rely on different ethical frameworks. In this paper we argue that the main ethical framework used to assess and justify NHP experimentation is inadequate for its purpose. We propose a change of framework that we believe would benefit NHPs and improve research quality.AbstractBasic and applied laboratory research, whenever intrusive or invasive, presents substantial ethical challenges for ethical committees, be it with human beings or with non-human animals. In this paper we discuss the use of non-human primates (NHPs), mostly as animal models, in laboratory based research. We examine the two ethical frameworks that support current legislation and guidelines: deontology and utilitarianism. While human based research is regulated under deontological principles, guidelines for laboratory animal research rely on utilitarianism. We argue that the utilitarian framework is inadequate for this purpose: on the one hand, it is almost impossible to accurately predict the benefits of a study for all potential stakeholders; and on the other hand, harm inflicted on NHPs (and other animals) used in laboratory research is extensive despite the increasing efforts of ethics committees and the research community to address this. Although deontology and utilitarianism are both valid ethical frameworks, we advocate that a deontological approach is more suitable, since we arguably have moral duties to NHPs. We provide suggestions on how to ensure that research currently conducted in laboratory settings shifts towards approaches that abide by deontological principles. We assert that this would not impede reasonable scientific research.

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“…Regardless what type of human or animal research is conducted, the safety and protection of research participants should be paramount, and ethical committees and review procedures have a key role in safeguarding them. 12,13 Owing to its interdisciplinary, interinstitutional, and, frequently, international nature, ethical review of One Health projects can pose special challenges, an issue that is also recognised in relation to review of funding applications for One Health research. 14 Different disciplines draw on norms, methodologies, and terminologies that have evolved and become accepted within their respective institutions.…”

Section: One Health Research Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Health Research in Northern Tanzania - Challenges and Progress

Ladbury

Allan

Cleaveland

et al. 2017

EAHRJ

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East Africa has one of the world's fastest growing human populations-many of whom are dependent on livestock-as well as some of the world's largest wildlife populations. Humans, livestock, and wildlife often interact closely, intimately linking human, animal, and environmental health. The concept of One Health captures this interconnectedness, including the social structures and beliefs driving interactions between species and their environments. East African policymakers and researchers are recognising and encouraging One Health research, with both groups increasingly playing a leading role in this subject area. One Health research requires interaction between scientists from different disciplines, such as the biological and social sciences and human and veterinary medicine. Different disciplines draw on norms, methodologies, and terminologies that have evolved within their respective institutions and that may be distinct from or in conflict with one another. These differences impact interdisciplinary research, both around theoretical and methodological approaches and during project operationalisation. We present experiential knowledge gained from numerous ongoing projects in northern Tanzania, including those dealing with bacterial zoonoses associated with febrile illness, foodborne disease, and anthrax. We use the examples to illustrate differences between and within social and biological sciences and between industrialised and traditional societies, for example, with regard to consenting procedures or the ethical treatment of animals. We describe challenges encountered in ethical approval processes, consenting procedures, and field and laboratory logistics and offer suggestions for improvement. While considerable investment of time in sensitisation, communication, and collaboration is needed to overcome interdisciplinary challenges inherent in One Health research, this can yield great rewards in paving the way for successful implementation of One Health projects. Furthermore, continued investment in African institutions and scientists will strengthen the role of East Africa as a world leader in One Health research.

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Ethics in human research

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

A systematic review of the experiences of vulnerable people participating in research on sensitive topics

A systematic review of the experiences of vulnerable people participating in research on sensitive topics

Ethical and Scientific Pitfalls Concerning Laboratory Research with Non-Human Primates, and Possible Solutions

One Health Research in Northern Tanzania - Challenges and Progress

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