Ethics, AI, Mass Data and Pandemic Challenges: Responsible Data Use and Infrastructure Application for Surveillance and Pre-emptive Tracing Post-crisis

Findlay, Mark; Loke, Jia Yuan; Remolina, Nydia; Tham, Yum Yin

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3592283

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Mobile phone apps (particularly apps to support contact tracing), mobile phone location tracking through Bluetooth and GPS technologies, drones, temperature-scanning technologies, and wearable devices were among those most commonly discussed. Digital technologies were most frequently used to support contact tracing (ie, to identify individuals with the disease or symptoms and those with whom they have been in contact) [ 10 , 11 , 21 - 173 ]; to inform decision making by public health agencies, states, and individuals [ 21 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 44 , 47 , 49 , 51 - 53 , 56 - 60 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 67 , 77 , 81 - 83 , 88 - 90 , 94 , 97 , 98 , 102 , 104 , 121 , 129 , 157 - 159 , 167 , 170 , 171 , 174 - 204 ]; to monitor compliance with public health measures [ 21 , 23 , 25 , 28 , 30 , 34 - 38 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 54 - 58 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 71 , 83 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 91 , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The impacts of digital surveillance on human rights and civil liberties were noted by many authors (n=58) [ 10 , 23 , 24 , 28 - 30 , 34 - 36 , 38 , 43 , 44 , 53 - 55 , 61 , 67 , 71 , 78 , 89 , 91 , 98 , 104 - 106 , 109 , 111 , 115 , 125 - 131 , 135 , 137 , 154 , 157 , 173 , 188 , 190 - 192 , 196 , 198 , 204 , 209 , 210 , 212 , 215 , 220 , 223 , 226 , 230 , 232 , 233 , 237 ]. The erosion of freedom of movement [ 29 , 35 , 41 , 98 , 134 ], freedom of expression [ 75 , 130 ], freedom of association [ 41 , 130 ], and freedom of the press [ 33 ] was identified as a potential implication of digital surveillance [ 36 , 43 , 203 , 204 , 220 ]. A numbe...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A frequently cited example pertained to the use of mobile-based emergency alerts in South Korea sent out by public health authorities. These messages included intimate details regarding people infected with COVID-19 and allowed for easy identification of individuals, many of whom faced stigmatization and discrimination, including members of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer/questioning, and asexual communities [ 25 , 41 , 45 , 58 , 145 , 210 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There should be deadlines for data collection, use, and retention, and these should be communicated and upheld. In the case of emergency measures, there should be clearly defined indicators of when the emergency will be considered resolved and when emergency measures will end [ 21 , 29 , 35 , 36 , 41 , 43 , 53 , 70 , 73 , 75 , 97 , 105 , 122 , 126 , 129 , 149 , 154 , 161 , 173 , 179 , 196 , 226 , 229 , 232 , 237 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Short- and Long-Term Predicted and Witnessed Consequences of Digital Surveillance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review

Comer,

Donelle,

Hiebert

et al. 2024

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the deployment of digital technologies for public health surveillance globally. The rapid development and use of these technologies have curtailed opportunities to fully consider their potential impacts (eg, for human rights, civil liberties, privacy, and marginalization of vulnerable groups). Objective We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed and gray literature to identify the types and applications of digital technologies used for surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic and the predicted and witnessed consequences of digital surveillance. Methods Our methodology was informed by the 5-stage methodological framework to guide scoping reviews: identifying the research question; identifying relevant studies; study selection; charting the data; and collating, summarizing, and reporting the findings. We conducted a search of peer-reviewed and gray literature published between December 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020. We focused on the first year of the pandemic to provide a snapshot of the questions, concerns, findings, and discussions emerging from peer-reviewed and gray literature during this pivotal first year of the pandemic. Our review followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) reporting guidelines. Results We reviewed a total of 147 peer-reviewed and 79 gray literature publications. Based on our analysis of these publications, we identified a total of 90 countries and regions where digital technologies were used for public health surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the most frequently used technologies included mobile phone apps, location-tracking technologies, drones, temperature-scanning technologies, and wearable devices. We also found that the literature raised concerns regarding the implications of digital surveillance in relation to data security and privacy, function creep and mission creep, private sector involvement in surveillance, human rights, civil liberties, and impacts on marginalized groups. Finally, we identified recommendations for ethical digital technology design and use, including proportionality, transparency, purpose limitation, protecting privacy and security, and accountability. Conclusions A wide range of digital technologies was used worldwide to support public health surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of our analysis highlight the importance of considering short- and long-term consequences of digital surveillance not only during the COVID-19 pandemic but also for future public health crises. These findings also demonstrate the ways in which digital surveillance has rendered visible the shifting and blurred boundaries between public health surveillance and other forms of surveillance, particularly given the ubiquitous nature of digital surveillance. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053962

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Short- and Long-Term Predicted and Witnessed Consequences of Digital Surveillance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review

Comer,

Donelle,

Hiebert

et al. 2024

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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show abstract

“…Ethical big data can limit crisis, for example the COVID-19 situation right now. The world initially started sharing personal data and it has already been collected during this crisis by using AI in the form of a mobile app (Findlay et al, 2020). The public need to know what will happen to their data, whether it will be deleted or saved after the crisis, and a clear applicable policy would increase their trust in sharing personal data .…”

Section: Risk Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity Theory: Artificial Intelligence System Help Safety Improvement in the Next Pandemic

Halabi¹

2020

ijirms

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As the coronavirus pandemic spread from Asia to the western world, drug discovery came to a near standstill. Most laboratories shut down and instruments and reagents were left untouched, except for the most essential work. The pandemic forced large and small companies, regulatory and government agencies, and academia to tap into technology, particularly artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), for providing more than just speed and efficiency. This essay aims to dig deeply in complexity theory to help improve safety and reduce the impact of the next pandemic. It is based on implementing Artificial Intelligence (AI) to provide the safer complex theory with an example of the current situation of COVID-19. While there are no shortcuts around scientific rigor and experimentation, AI can certainly accelerate the discovery of new drugs particularly when combined with high-performance computing (HPC) and quantum computing. Evaluating new AI technologies, particularly in areas of drug discovery where there are few demonstrations of success, can be a real challenge. It is considered that safety improvement of alert systems and the risk factors, in order to organize the safety of health facilities and control the hospital environment before the potential pandemic develops. Here, we will try to apply complexity theory in our dealing with future pandemics based on the situation analysis of previous experiences.

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Systems Thinking Application to Ethical and Privacy Considerations in AI-Enabled Syndromic Surveillance Systems: Requirements for Under-Resourced Countries in Southern Africa

Chikotie,

Watson,

Watson

2024

Communications in Computer and Information Science

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Ethics, AI, Mass Data and Pandemic Challenges: Responsible Data Use and Infrastructure Application for Surveillance and Pre-emptive Tracing Post-crisis

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Short- and Long-Term Predicted and Witnessed Consequences of Digital Surveillance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review

Short- and Long-Term Predicted and Witnessed Consequences of Digital Surveillance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review

Complexity Theory: Artificial Intelligence System Help Safety Improvement in the Next Pandemic

Systems Thinking Application to Ethical and Privacy Considerations in AI-Enabled Syndromic Surveillance Systems: Requirements for Under-Resourced Countries in Southern Africa

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