Ethical Challenges in Health Care Policy during COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy

Abstract

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Italy has proven to be one of the countries with the highest coronavirus-linked death rate. To reduce the impact of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the Italian Government decision-makers issued a series of law decrees that imposed measures limiting social contacts, stopped non-essential production activities, and restructured public health care in order to privilege assistance to patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Health care services were substantially limited including planned hospitalization and elective surgeries. These substantial measures were criticized due to their impact on individual rights including freedom and autonomy, but were justified by the awareness that hospitals would have been unable to cope with the surge of infected people who needed treatment for COVID-19. The imbalance between the need to guarantee ordinary care and to deal with the pandemic, in a context of limited health resources, raises ethical concerns as well as clinical management issues. The emergency scenario caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in the lockdown phase, led the Government and health care decision-makers to prioritize community safety above the individuals’ rights. This new community-centered approach to clinical care has created tension among the practitioners and exposed health workers to malpractice claims. Reducing the morbidity and mortality rates of the COVID-19 pandemic is the priority of every government, but the legitimate question remains whether the policy that supports this measure could be less harmful for the health care system.

Factors Affecting the Global Health and Cultural Competencies of Nursing Students

“…The pandemic has affected the global economy, labor market, and other facets of individual and societal lives [ 2 ]. In the context of COVID-19, the imbalance between the need to ensure routine care despite limited medical resources and the need to combat infectious diseases have raised ethical and clinical management issues [ 3 ]. However, these issues are not limited to the current COVID-19 pandemic.…”

How Do Polish Students Manage Emotional Distress during the COVID-19 Lockdown? A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study

“…Besides, different coping styles are in close relationship with the severity of mental and emotional distress [29,30]. It is assumed that coping strategies might be predicted based on the combination of psychological factors, factors experienced during the pandemic and lockdown specifically, as well as demographic factors of the population [31]; they are also determined by gender, age, education, physical and mental health, and nature of the stressor [32,33].…”

Multinational primary health care experiences from the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative analysis

“…Numerous respondents commented on shifts in roles and responsibilities and shared concerns about disruptions in their abilities to care for their usual patients. Many countries and health care disciplines established essential versus non-essential patient care guidelines early on ( Ferorelli et al, 2020 ; Ma et al, 2020 ; Moletta et al, 2020 ), and this delineation ruptured the holistic continuity of care model that primary care prides itself on delivering. Routine and preventative care, such as cancer screenings, chronic disease maintenance, and well-child visits were put on hold as COVID-19 policies overtook patient access to ‘non-essential’ care.…”