Ethers of glycerol and ethanol as bioadditives for biodiesel

Pinto, Bianca Peres; Lyra, Jéssica T. de; Nascimento, Júlia A. C.; Mota, Cláudio J. A.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.052

Cited by 66 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…We studied the direct alkylation of glycerol with isopropanol over Amberlyst 36, which is a well‐known catalyst for glycerol etherification . In this reaction, an excess of the alcohol is required to increase the conversion of glycerol and to inhibit side reactions such as glycerol self‐etherification.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, temperatures of 140–150 °C are necessary for reaching a nearly quantitative glycerol conversion on sulfo cation‐exchanger catalysts even in the presence of a 12‐fold molar excess of n ‐butanol . Analogous conditions are required for the conversion of glycerol with other primary alcohols . High reaction temperatures lead to the formation of oligoglycerols and glycerol degradation products in considerable amounts …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The preparation of GIPEs by the reductive conversion of solketal was compared with experimental data on the direct synthesis of GIPEs from glycerol and isopropanol. Because there are no reliable data on glycerol etherification with isopropanol (particularly the reaction regioselectivity) in the scientific literature, we performed the direct alkylation of glycerol with isopropanol over an Amberlyst 36 ion‐exchange resin, which is a suitable catalyst for glycerol etherification …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glycerol Isopropyl Ethers: Direct Synthesis from Alcohols and Synthesis by the Reduction of Solketal

et al. 2017

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The catalytic reduction of solketal ((2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl)methanol) over bifunctional heterogeneous palladium catalysts is proposed as an alternative to the synthesis of glycerol isopropyl ethers by the etherification of glycerol. The direct synthesis of glycerol isopropyl ethers from isopropanol and glycerol requires severe conditions (T=130–150 °C, p(H2)=20–35 bar) and a large excess of isopropanol to reach a considerable yield. The main reaction products in the catalytic reduction of solketal are glycerol mono‐ and di‐isopropyl ethers and solketal isopropyl ether. Solketal conversion over Al‐HMS‐supported palladium catalysts (T=120 °C and p(H2)=20 bar) affords a mixture of ethers with a high degree of conversion (87 %), 78 % selectivity, and excellent regioselectivity between isomeric ethers. Zeolite‐BEA‐supported palladium catalysts also exhibit high activity but much lower selectivity because of intense acetone aldol condensation. The effects of Si/Al ratios in BEA zeolites and Al‐HMS aluminosilicates and the amounts of supported palladium (1 and 2 wt %) on the properties of the catalysts at different reaction temperatures and hydrogen pressures are considered.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glycerol Isopropyl Ethers: Direct Synthesis from Alcohols and Synthesis by the Reduction of Solketal

et al. 2017

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“…The problem worsens due to lack of information in the literature regarding the identification of the products formed in this etherification reaction. [13][14][15][16] Just one chromatogram was found for the products of glycerol and ethanol etherification.…”

Section: Identification Of Glycerol and Ethanol Etherification Reactimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[13][14][15][16] The monoalkyl glyceryl ethers obtained from ethanol are intermediates to produce dioxolanes that can be used as co-fuels for diesel. It is important to highlight that ethanol is a green choice since it can be produced through biomass fermentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Ethyl and t-Butyl Glyceryl Ethers Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

Veiga

Veloso

Dias

et al. 2017

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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The ethers produced through the etherification reaction of glycerol with ethanol or t-butanol are used as oxygenated fuel additives, intermediates in the pharmaceutical industry, and non-ionic surfactants. However, the identification of these ethers has not been accurately done, because only some mass spectra of these compounds are available in the libraries. Moreover, there is a lack of discussion on their identification in the literature. In this work, a detailed identification of all ethers produced in the etherification of glycerol with ethanol or t-butanol was performed considering the mass spectra of isolated products and the comparison of the retention times. The elution order of the products was: tri-alkyl, 1,3-dialkyl, 2,3-dialkyl, 3-monoalkyl and 2-monoalkyl. In all mass spectra of the ethyl ethers, the base peak was m/z 61, while in the case of t-butyl ethers it was m/z 57.

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Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis on the dehydration of glycerol with monohydric alcohols to alkyl glyceryl ethers

Jia

et al. 2022

AIChE Journal

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Under the conditions of the feed of 400 moles of alcohol + 100 moles of glycerol, 313-573 K and 0.1 MPa, based on Gibbs free energy global minimization, an improved genetic algorithm was used for the thermodynamic equilibrium analysis on the synthesis processes of alkyl glyceryl ethers, respectively, from methanol + glycerol, ethanol + glycerol, isobutanol + glycerol, and tert-butanol + glycerol. The columnar stacking charts and three-dimensional contour graphs were used to compare the effects of temperature, pressure, and the feed ratio to the equilibrium conversion, product selectivity, and equilibrium composition. The basic laws of the synthesis processes of alkyl glycerol ethers in homogeneous and heterogeneous states were investigated in a wide temperature range. Through comparison, it was found that the isopropanol + glycerol system is easier to convert into alkyl glycerol ethers, followed by the ethanol + glycerol system. The methanol + glycerol system and tert-butanol + glycerol system are greatly affected by pressure and temperature, and their conversions and selectivities are relatively low.

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Ethers of glycerol and ethanol as bioadditives for biodiesel

Cited by 66 publications

References 25 publications

Glycerol Isopropyl Ethers: Direct Synthesis from Alcohols and Synthesis by the Reduction of Solketal

Glycerol Isopropyl Ethers: Direct Synthesis from Alcohols and Synthesis by the Reduction of Solketal

Identification of Ethyl and t-Butyl Glyceryl Ethers Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis on the dehydration of glycerol with monohydric alcohols to alkyl glyceryl ethers

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