Etherification rates of 2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene with ethanol for environmentally clean gasoline production

Abstract

: Etheriücation of reactive oleüns available in light ýuidized catalytic cracking (FCC) gas-C 5 oline is an attractive way to decrease the oleüns and to increase the octane number. The reactivities of 2-methyl-1-butene (2M1B) and 2-methyl-2-butene (2M2B) in the etheriücation reaction with ethanol catalysed by a strongly acidic macroreticular resin catalyst were investigated in a temperature range of 333-360 K using a liquid phase diþ erential ýow reactor. In the presence of excess alcohol, the apparent reaction orders of etheriücation reactions of isoamylenes were found to be 0.93 and 0.69 with respect to 2M1B and 2M2B concentrations, respectively. 2M1B was shown to be more reactive than 2M2B and its activation energy is also lower in the etheriücation reaction. It was also shown that diþ usion resistances, especially in the macropores of the catalyst, may play an important role on the observed rates.

Kinetic modeling of the simultaneous etherification of ethanol with C4 and C5 olefins over Amberlyst™ 35 using model averaging

“…Linnekoski and Krause [9] proposed a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) mechanism for the synthesis of tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE) from isoamylenes (IA) and EtOH. Further progress was made by Oktar et al [10] and Zhang et al [1] concerning TAEE formation reactions. The influence of the reaction medium on etherification reactions was also studied [7,[11][12][13][14], and adsorption equilibrium and also kinetic parameters were estimated [15].…”

Equilibrium of the simultaneous etherification of isobutene and isoamylenes with ethanol in liquid-phase

“…Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of MTBE (Gómez et al, 1997;Iborra et al, 2002;Izquierdo et al, 1994) and TAME (Krause and Hammarström, 1987;Mao et al, 2008;Muja et al, 2005;Rihko and Krause, 1995;Rihko et al, 1997;Serdá et al, 1995;Solà et al, 1997;Syed et al, 2000) production reactions are available in literature, and also the influence of mass transfer effects (Pääkkönen and Krause, 2003). Similarly, kinetics of ETBE (Fité et al, 1994;Franç oisse and Thyrion, 1991;Iborra et al, 2002;Izquierdo et al, 1994;González, 2011;Solà et al, 1995;Vila et al, 1993) and TAEE (Aiouache and Goto, 2003;Boonthamtirawuti et al, 2009;Bozga et al, 2008;Cruz et al, 2007;Linnekoski et al, 1997;Oktar et al, 1999b;Zhang et al, 1997) formation reactions have been widely studied for the isolated systems in previous works. Activation energies and kinetic constants values have been published, concluding that a Rideal-Eley mechanism fits better for the liquid phase ETBE synthesis from IB and EtOH and that a Langmuir-Hinshelwood model describes better the liquid phase reaction between IA and EtOH to produce TAEE.…”

Equilibrium conversion, selectivity and yield optimization of the simultaneous liquid-phase etherification of isobutene and isoamylenes with ethanol over Amberlyst™ 35

“…This is crucial not only to determine whether further separation units are required, but also to predict composition, properties and possible emissions from final blended gasoline. Several studies have been focused on the performance of isolated production of ETBE and TAEE in both absence and presence of water [25,[27][28][29][30]. But there is scarce information about the simultaneous production of bioethers and, more specifically, concerning equilibrium conversion and selectivity [13,14,[31][32][33][34].…”