Etherification of glycerol and ethylene glycol by isobutylene

Klepáčová, Katarína; Mravec, Dušan; Kaszonyi, Alexander; Bajus, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2007.03.031

Cited by 179 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…3 The direct etherification of glycerol with alcohols or alkenes, especially with t-butanol or isobutene, has been widely investigated. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The t-butyl ethers of glycerol are used as additives for fuels because of their low viscosity. The di-tert-butyl and tri-tert-butyl ethers of glycerol can be mixed directly with diesel or biodiesel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Ethyl and t-Butyl Glyceryl Ethers Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

Veiga

Veloso

Dias

et al. 2017

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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The ethers produced through the etherification reaction of glycerol with ethanol or t-butanol are used as oxygenated fuel additives, intermediates in the pharmaceutical industry, and non-ionic surfactants. However, the identification of these ethers has not been accurately done, because only some mass spectra of these compounds are available in the libraries. Moreover, there is a lack of discussion on their identification in the literature. In this work, a detailed identification of all ethers produced in the etherification of glycerol with ethanol or t-butanol was performed considering the mass spectra of isolated products and the comparison of the retention times. The elution order of the products was: tri-alkyl, 1,3-dialkyl, 2,3-dialkyl, 3-monoalkyl and 2-monoalkyl. In all mass spectra of the ethyl ethers, the base peak was m/z 61, while in the case of t-butyl ethers it was m/z 57.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Ethyl and t-Butyl Glyceryl Ethers Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

Veiga

Veloso

Dias

et al. 2017

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…At high temperatures, glycerol was not totally converted due to the occurrence of deetherification reactions, which became increasingly important as the reaction temperature was increased [10]. A higher temperature also enhanced the secondary reactions, such as the disproportionation of glycerol ethers [12], which can be observed from the decreased glycerol conversion and product yields. This also means that the activation energies in the side reactions are higher than those in the etherification reactions.…”

Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Because MTBG1 and MTBG2 are isomers, it is possible to use the same calibration data to calculate their concentrations. In the case of DTBG and TTBG, response factors were extrapolated from that of MTBG [12]. TBA should be present in excess to glycerol because each step of the reaction consumes it, so glycerol was chosen as an indicator of reaction conversion.…”

Section: Experiments and Analysis Methodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large pore diameters allow relatively large glycerol molecules to access the inner surface of the catalyst to undergo a transformation. Klepáčová et al [12] and Ozbay et al [14] examined various kinds of Amberlyst type catalysts, such as Amberlyst 15, Amberlyst 16, Amberlyst 31, Amberlyst 35, Amberlyst 36, Amberlyst 39, and Amberlyst 119; both wet and dry forms were examined if they existed. The main difference between wet and dry form of Amberlyst 35 is the concentration of acid sites.…”

Section: Selection Of Reaction Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catalytic Synthesis of Glycerol tert-Butyl Ethers as Fuel Additives from the Biodiesel By-Product Glycerol

Huang

Kim

2015

Journal of Chemistry

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Glycerol is a major by-product in the biodiesel production process. Every 100 kg of biodiesel produced generates approximately 10 kg of crude glycerol. As the biodiesel industry has expanded rapidly in recent years, finding new uses of the excess crude glycerol is important. Many studies have examined alternative uses of crude glycerol. One of them is the use of glycerol derivatives, such as glycerol tert-butyl ethers as fuel additives. In this paper, the etherification kinetics of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol to glycerol tert-butyl ethers was studied using an Amberlyst catalyst. The influences of the catalyst type and loading, reaction time, molar ratio, and temperature were investigated in detail.

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“…Ez utóbbi (Amberlyst) katalizátor jelenlétében magas glicerinkonverzió mellett kiemelkedő (92 %) di-és triéter-szelektivitást értek el [34]. A tercier-butil-alkohol is ismert éterező ágens, mely szintén alkalmazható zeolit [34], vagy Amberlyst savas ioncserélő gyanta katalizátorok [34,35] jelenlétében.…”

Section: Glicerinéterek Előállítása éS Felhasználásaunclassified

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Etherification of glycerol and ethylene glycol by isobutylene

Cited by 179 publications

References 7 publications

Identification of Ethyl and t-Butyl Glyceryl Ethers Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

Identification of Ethyl and t-Butyl Glyceryl Ethers Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

Catalytic Synthesis of Glycerol tert-Butyl Ethers as Fuel Additives from the Biodiesel By-Product Glycerol

Mikro- és mezopórusos katalizátorok alkalmazása glicerin reaktív desztillációjában

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