Etherification of Cellulose

Heinze, Thomas; Seoud, Omar A. El; Koschella, Andreas

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73168-1_6

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…CMC is a water soluble derivative of cellulose. It is obtained by the reaction of cellulose with alkali and chloroacetic acid, resulting in the partial replacement of the hydroxyl groups of anhydrous glucose by carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) [199]. A study using CMC and chitosan as coating materials for the microencapsulation of L. acidophilus showed the ability of these materials to improve of probiotic viability during its simulated gastrointestinal transit [32].…”

Section: Anionic Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief Review of Edible Coating Materials for the Microencapsulation of Probiotics

et al. 2020

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The consumption of probiotics has been associated with a wide range of health benefits for consumers. Products containing probiotics need to have effective delivery of the microorganisms for their consumption to translate into benefits to the consumer. In the last few years, the microencapsulation of probiotic microorganisms has gained interest as a method to improve the delivery of probiotics in the host as well as extending the shelf life of probiotic-containing products. The microencapsulation of probiotics presents several aspects to be considered, such as the type of probiotic microorganisms, the methods of encapsulation, and the coating materials. The aim of this review is to present an updated overview of the most recent and common coating materials used for the microencapsulation of probiotics, as well as the involved techniques and the results of research studies, providing a useful knowledge basis to identify challenges, opportunities, and future trends around coating materials involved in the probiotic microencapsulation.

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Section: Anionic Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief Review of Edible Coating Materials for the Microencapsulation of Probiotics

et al. 2020

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“…The modification of hydroxyl group containing biopolymers with mono-and dialkylating agents to form ethers is a classical reaction for many polysaccharides (Heinze et al, 2018). In the HA chemistry this reaction is especially used for crosslinking reactions resulting in hydrogels or scaffold materials (Figure 4).…”

Section: Alkylation Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Modification of Hyaluronan and Their Biomedical Applications

2022

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Hyaluronan, the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, is an important structural component of many tissues playing a critical role in a variety of biological contexts. This makes hyaluronan, which can be biotechnologically produced in large scale, an attractive starting polymer for chemical modifications. This review provides a broad overview of different synthesis strategies used for modulating the biological as well as material properties of this polysaccharide. We discuss current advances and challenges of derivatization reactions targeting the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups or carboxylic acid groups and the N-acetyl groups after deamidation. In addition, we give examples for approaches using hyaluronan as biomedical polymer matrix and consequences of chemical modifications on the interaction of hyaluronan with cells via receptor-mediated signaling. Collectively, hyaluronan derivatives play a significant role in biomedical research and applications indicating the great promise for future innovative therapies.

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“…Many of these ethers are water-soluble and some specific derivative present ionic behavior. One example of these ionic cellulose derivatives is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) which is described, in aqueous solution, as a polyelectrolyte with a low degree of ionization at low pH value (Heinze et al 2018;Metodiev 2013). The ionic property can have significant importance in several areas where this characteristic is crucial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ionic property can have significant importance in several areas where this characteristic is crucial. Some examples can include its ability for the complex formation or its cation ion exchange ability (Heinze et al 2018;Hen 1991;Li et al 2017). Carboxymethylcellulose, commercially produced since the 1920s in Germany, is one of the most important ionic cellulose products (Balser et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commercially available CMC present a DS in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 and its synthesis, distribution of carboxymethyl functions within the modified anhydroglucose unit (AGU), and properties are well studied (Heinze et al 2018;Heinze and Pfeiffer 1999). This derivative is also used as ion exchange resin for adsorption of heavy metal ions (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and characterization of dicarboxymethyl cellulose

et al. 2019

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Synthesis of dicarboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC) under heterogeneous conditions was examined. Cellulose was etherified using sodium bromomalonate in isopropanol/water in the presence of NaOH. The reaction was performed with five different NaOH concentrations (5-30 w/v %) and the products were characterized by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (AE-HPLC), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission-(ICP-AES), Fourier transform infrared-(FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (1D-/2D-NMR) spectroscopy. Adjusting the amount of NaOH resulted in increasing functionalization of the cellulose achieving an average degree of substitution (DS) between 0.05 and 0.51. Both ICP-AES and AE-HPLC gave comparable DS values. NMR spectroscopic analysis showed that etherification occurred preferably at O-6 and, to a certain extent, at the secondary positions depending on the reaction conditions.

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Etherification of Cellulose

Cited by 23 publications

References 82 publications

A Brief Review of Edible Coating Materials for the Microencapsulation of Probiotics

A Brief Review of Edible Coating Materials for the Microencapsulation of Probiotics

Chemical Modification of Hyaluronan and Their Biomedical Applications

Synthesis and characterization of dicarboxymethyl cellulose

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