Ethanolic Extract from Limonia acidissima L. Fruit Attenuates Serum Uric Acid Level via URAT1 in Potassium Oxonate-Induced Hyperuricemic Rats

Abstract

A high prevalence of hyperuricemia among adult and older adult populations has intrigued the development of its therapy based on natural products. Our objective was to investigate the antihyperuricemic activity of the natural product from Limonia acidissima L. in vivo. The extract was obtained through the maceration of L. acidissima fruits using an ethanolic solvent and was tested for its antihyperuricemic activity against potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rats. Serum uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were observed before and after the treatment. Expression of urate transporter 1 (URAT1) was also measured using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Antioxidant activity based on a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, along with total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), were measured. Herein, we present the evidence of the serum uric acid lowering effect of the L. acidissima fruit extract along with improved AST and ALT (p < 0.01). The reduction of serum uric acid was in accordance with the decreasing trend of URAT1 (1.02 ± 0.05-fold change in the 200 mg group), except in a group treated with 400 mg/kg body weight extract. At the same time, BUN increased significantly in the 400 mg group (from 17.60 ± 3.286 to 22.80 ± 3.564 mg/dL, p = 0.007), suggesting the renal toxicity of the concentration. The IC50 for DPPH inhibition was 0.14 ± 0.02 mg/L with TPC and TFC of 143.9 ± 5.24 mg GAE/g extract and 390.2 ± 3.66 mg QE/g extract, respectively. Further studies should be carried out to prove this correlation along with the safe concentration range of the extract.

Understanding Hyperuricemia: Pathogenesis, Potential Therapeutic Role of Bioactive Peptides, and Assessing Bioactive Peptide Advantages and Challenges

“…URAT1, located in the apical membrane of the renal proximal tubules and serving as a significant target for anti-hyperuricemic drugs, is responsible for transporting UA from the lumen of proximal tubules to the renal tubular epithelial cells. Previous studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between SUA content and URAT1 expression, providing further support for the idea that URAT1 enhances the reabsorption of UA by the renal tubules, thereby increasing SUA content [35,36]. OAT4, along with OAT1, OAT2, OAT3, and URAT1, belongs to the multispecific transporter family.…”

Ethanolic extract of Gracilaria spp. Attenuates the inflammatory stage of oral mucosa wound healing: An in vivo study

“…[ 11 ] A quantitative phytochemical test was also carried out on the extract for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) using colorimetric techniques that have been described in detail previously. [ 12 13 ] The absorbance was measured on ultraviolet (UV) visible spectrometer (Shimadzu UVmini-1240, Kyoto, Japan).…”

Fatty Acid-Rich Extract from Holothuria atra for Hyperuricemia via Expressions Modulation of GLUT9a and GLUT9b in Rat Model

“…The filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator (40 °C; 30 rpm). The compounds comprised in the extract were analyzed on chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS—QP2020 NX, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), following the suggestion from the previous report [ 47 , 48 ].…”