Ethanol Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steels

Beavers, J.A.; Gui, Feng; Sridhar, Narasi

doi:10.1002/9780470872864.ch50

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Because one of the roles oxygen played in carbon steel SCC was to assist in the formation of concentrated crack-tip chemistry, the crack-tip chemistry and thus the crack growth rate should depend on the dissolved oxygen concentration. In fact, it has been demonstrated that the CGR obtained from the SSR tests increased with increasing oxygen concentration (12). Further experiments to analyze the crack-tip chemistry under different conditions could provide direct evidence of this hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Role of Oxygen in Localized Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Fuel Grade Ethanol

Gui¹,

Sridhar²,

Beavers³

2011

ECS Trans.

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Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel has been observed in fuel grade ethanol (FGE). Electrochemical behavior of carbon steel and thus the role of localized corrosion in SCC has not been adequately studied due to the difficulty of performing electrochemical experiments in resistive environments such as FGE. A microelectrode technique was used in this work to conduct electrochemical studies in simulated FGE (SFGE). It was found that oxygen likely played multiple roles: it participated in the passive film formation in addition to its more commonly observed role in aqueous environments of changing the open circuit potential (OCP). A model, based on this dual role of oxygen, was proposed to explain the SCC mechanism of carbon steel in SFGE.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Role of Oxygen in Localized Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Fuel Grade Ethanol

Gui¹,

Sridhar²,

Beavers³

2011

ECS Trans.

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“…The most common method to study SCC of carbon steel in ethanol is slow strain rate testing (SSRT). [ 7,8 ] SSRT is now the standard test method for FGE‐SCC under the designation of the NACE TM0111 standard and is widely used as an evaluation method for FGE‐SCC in laboratory studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies on in‐service carbon steel pipes transporting FGE have reported only intergranular SCC. [ 7 ] However, transgranular cracks have also been detected in laboratory experiments where the SCC of carbon steel has been studied electrochemically by SSRT in ethanolic environments. [ 9–13 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies on in-service carbon steel pipes transporting FGE have reported only intergranular SCC. [7] However, transgranular cracks have also been detected in laboratory experiments where the SCC of carbon steel has been studied electrochemically by SSRT in ethanolic environments. [9][10][11][12][13] On the basis of previous SSRT studies, [12][13][14] it has been found that the components in FGE that influence SCC in free corrosion conditions are dissolved oxygen, chloride ions, acetic acid, and water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 1–4 ] Failures have been reported in ethanol pipes and storage tanks, and consequently, possible mechanisms and methods to prevent SCC in ethanolic environments have been investigated. [ 5,6 ] The American Petroleum Institute was the first to sponsor an extensive study on the topic in 2003. [ 2 ] The authors showed that SCC of carbon steel could occur in fuel‐grade ethanol (FGE) that meets the specification of ASTM D‐4806.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New insights into the stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in ethanolic media

Ashrafriahi

Ebrahimy

Ramsundar

et al. 2020

Materials & Corrosion

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Potentiostatic slow strain rate testing was conducted on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) test specimens exposed to ethanolic environments prepared from pure dehydrated ethanol. The mechanism of SCC in such environments is not well‐understood. Cracks of various types—intergranular and transgranular open cracks, and sharp closed transgranular cracks—were found by altering several testing parameters. The presence of chloride was found to be essential for crack initiation. A scanning electron microscope examination indicated that an “anodic” cracking mechanism, not necessarily slip dissolution, was most likely operating at high elongations. Sharp, closed transgranular cracks, with a maximum depth of 4 µm, were detected at elongations below 3% in ethanol solutions containing 2.5‐mM LiCl. A focused ion beam was used to extract such a transgranular crack tip for analytical transmission electron microscopy using electron energy loss spectroscopy, which confirmed that the crack was in a ferrite grain. The sharp closed transgranular cracks seem to ally with the cracks observed in CO–CO2–H2O and anhydrous ammonia environments, which are proposed to grow by unique cleavage mechanisms. The possibility of embrittlement by carbon interstitials produced by ethanol electro‐oxidation within the crack is discussed.

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DFT Analysis of Ethanol Electro-Oxidation on Fe(110) and Fe3C(110) and its Correlation with the Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel

Ashrafriahi

Foroozan

Ghaznavi

et al. 2020

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Striking mechanical and morphological similarities of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel in ethanolic media with those governed by a cleavage-like mechanism in CO-CO2 aqueous solutions, prompted the investigation of the possibility of ethanol electrochemical oxidation into CO on ferrite (Fe) and cementite (Fe3C) surfaces. Density functional theory computations on (110) surfaces reveal that the catalytic activity of Fe and Fe3C through the α dehydrogenation pathway can significantly reduce the energy barrier of electro-oxidation of ethanol and production of CO to 0.575 and 0.480 eV, respectively. These first principle calculations indicate that at the anodic potentials applied during potentiostatic slow strain rate testing, ethanol electrooxidation to CO is thermodynamically viable on carbon steel, giving further credit to the involvement of cleavage type SCC of carbon steel in ethanolic environments.

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Ethanol Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steels

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Role of Oxygen in Localized Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Fuel Grade Ethanol

Role of Oxygen in Localized Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Fuel Grade Ethanol

New insights into the stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in ethanolic media

DFT Analysis of Ethanol Electro-Oxidation on Fe(110) and Fe3C(110) and its Correlation with the Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel

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