“…The ERK1/2 pathways, which are thought to be triggered preferentially by growth factors and mitogens, play an important role during development in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation (Turjanski et al, 2007). Activation of the p38 and JNK MAPKs is triggered by stimuli ranging from growth factors to a variety of stress stimuli, including intracellular pH changes, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, DNA-damaging agents, hyperglycemia, ethanol, hypoxia, and oxidative stress (Kyriakis and Avruch, 1996;Ku et al, 2007). Stress-response MAPKs control defense responses that determine whether cells survive, differentiate, or apoptose.…”