Ethanol Extract of Spondias pinnata Leaves Reduce Parasite Number and  Increase Macrophage Phagocytosis Capacity of Mice Infected by  Plasmodium berghei

Laksemi, Dewa Ayu Agus Sri; Arijana, I Gusti Kamasan Nyoman; Sudarmaja, I Made; Ariwati, Ni Luh Ariwati Ni Luh; Tunas, K.; Damayanti, Putu Ayu Asri; Diarthini, Ni Luh Putu Eka; Swastika, I Kadek; Wiryantini, Ida Ayu Dewi

doi:10.18585/inabj.v13i1.1286

Cited by 8 publications

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“…(21) The potency of ethanol leaf extract of other herbal, Spondias pinnata, has been reported to improve the phagocytic activity of macrophage cells challenged with latex beads. (22) The different visualization between the active and inactive macrophages showed phagocytosis activity. Before phagocytosis, the receptors in macrophages will initially bind to ligands on the surface of pathogenic bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro

et al. 2022

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BACKGROUND: Aquilaria malaccensis has been consumed as herbal medicine, and in vitro study showed that the leaf extract possesses high antioxidant activities. A brief preliminary study indicated that A. malaccensis showed a promising immunomodulatory activity when evaluated using latex beads. This current study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of A. malaccensis leaf extract on the macrophage, which was challenged with pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.METHODS: Bioactivity was determined by evaluating the phagocytic capacity of macrophages isolated from Mus musculus against S. aureus. First, the cytotoxicity of extracts on macrophages was evaluated using MTT assays, and the IC50 value was used to determine the dose of immunomodulatory assays. The highest toxicity was observed on chloroform extract with an IC50 value of 111.4 µg/mL. Therefore, the treatment was 100 and 50 µg/mL. Two parameters, including the phagocytic activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophages infected with S. aureus, were used to evaluate immunomodulatory activity. The analysis of variance was done at p<0.05 to determine the significant difference among treatments.RESULTS: Chloroform and ethanol extracts at a 50 µg/mL concentration showed the best results with the phagocytic activity of 82.33%±9.61% and 80.33±1.53%. The ethyl acetate showed lower phagocytic activities of 70.67±1.53. All extracts significantly increased phagocytic activity and phagocytic capacity, and the results differed significantly between negative and positive controls. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that the extract contained terpenoid, flavonoid, phenolic, and tannin.CONCLUSION: A. malaccensis leaf extracts showed immunomodulatory activity. Both chloroform and ethanol extracts showed comparable activity, while the ethyl acetate extract was lower. The extracts contained diverse bioactive compounds that may support activating macrophage cells for immunomodulatory activity.KEYWORDS: Aquilaria malaccensis, immunomodulator, phagocytosis, macrophages, Staphylococcus aureus

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro

et al. 2022

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“…Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Prasiwi dan kawan-kawan, didapatkan dosis efektif untuk mengobati penyakit malaria pada mencit yaitu sebesar 0,084 g/KgBB dimana didapatkan data persentase penghambatan pertumbuhan Plasmodium berghei sebesar 54,06%. 12 Penelitian lainnya yang telah dilakukan mengenai ekstrak dari tumbuhan herbal seperti ekstrak tumbuhan berbunga Asteraceae dan Rubiaceae families 13 , daun bunga nusa indah (Mussaenda erythrophylla) 13 , daun nyamplung (Calophyllum flavoranulum) 14 , daun kedondong hutan (Spondias pinnata) 15 , dan kulit batang gambilo (Gardenia ternifolia) 16 . doi:10.24843.MU.2023.V12.i8.P03 dengan kandungan bahan aktif seperti alkaloid, terpen, antrakuinon, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, dan steroid.…”

Section: Pembahasanunclassified

“…20 Antioksidan telah terbukti mengurangi efek negatif dari stres oksidatif, termasuk ROS, yang terjadi pada infeksi malaria. 15 Flavonoid merupakan salah satu senyawa aktif yang terkandung pada daun Piper betle L yang memiliki peranan sebagai antimalaria. Terdapat dua target utama pada mekanisme flavonoid yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan plasmodium.…”

Section: Pembahasanunclassified

Uji Efektivitas Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau “Piper Betle L” Dan Madu Sebagai Antimalaria Pada Mencit Yang Diinfeksi Plasmodium Berghei

Swastika,

Sri Laksemi,

Damayanti

et al. 2023

eum

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Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium sp. transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito vector through its bite. Patients infected with malaria worldwide in the last two decades have increased, mainly due to the emergence of strains of Plasmodium falciparum that have become resistant to antimalarial drugs. This has resulted in the emergence of efforts to find alternative medicinal plants that can overcome this problem. One of the plants that have the potential to be developed is Piper betle L, or commonly known as green betel plant. This study aims to determine the effect of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L) and honey at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgBW as antimalarials in Balb/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. This study is an in vivo experimental study using the Randomized Post-test Only Controlled Group method design using 24 samples of mice which were divided into four groups, one negative control group and three treatment groups. The average degree of parasitemia in the control group was 45.51%, the treatment group at a dose of 50 mg/kgBW was 35.71%, a dose of 100 mg/kgBW was 30.96% and a dose of 200 mg/kgBW was 31.67%. Based on the results of the analysis using One Way ANOVA, it was found that the mean difference between the control and treatment groups with p value <0.001 was found. The results showed that green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L) could inhibit the growth of Plasmodium berghei by looking at the mean difference between the control group and the treatment group and obtained that the average treatment group of 100 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW were equally effective at inhibiting parasitemia levels. Keywords : Antimalarial, Piper betle L, Degree of Parasitemia

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“…This plant is a middle-sized evergreen tree with odd-pinnate compound leaves, polygamous flowers, elliptical-shaped fruits, and a pleasant aromatic acidic smell [ 15 , 16 ]. Interestingly, parts of S. pinnata , such as the bark, roots, fruits, and leaves, have been used to treat various human diseases [ 17 ]. A root bark extract of S. pinnata has been applied to treat gonorrhea, diarrhea, dysentery, rheumatism, and severe cough [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several extracts of S. pinnata have been found to exhibit antibacterial effects against Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella typhymurium and to present antimycobacterial activity [ 22 ]. Recently, ethanolic leaf extracts of S. pinnata have been shown to have antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei infection [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz

Chaniad

Phuwajaroanpong

Plirat

et al. 2022

BMC Complement Med Ther

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Background In response to the persistent problem of malaria resistance, medicinal herbal plants can be used as a source of potential novel antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo antimalarial activity and toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz (S. pinnata). Methods Qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract was performed using standard procedures, and the constituents were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The in vivo antimalarial activity was assessed against the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain in mice based on 4-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic tests. In addition, the acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated after oral administration of a single dose of 2,000 mg/kg body weight. Results Phytochemical screening tests on the ethanolic S. pinnata seed extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, tannins, and coumarins. GC–MS analysis of the extract led to the identification of twenty-nine phytochemical compounds, including oleic acid amide, β-sitosterol, linoleic acid, oleic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid and gallic acid. The results of the 4-day suppressive test revealed that mice treated with 250, 500, 600 and 800 mg/kg doses of the ethanolic S. pinnata seed extract showed significant parasitemia suppression in a dose-dependent manner, with 22.94, 49.01, 60.67 and 66.82% suppression, respectively, compared to that of the negative control group. All the doses of the ethanolic seed extract significantly suppressed parasitemia (P < 0.05) during the curative activity test and prolonged the mean survival time compared to those of the negative control group. However, the ethanolic seed extract displayed lower curative and prophylactic activities than the standard drug artesunate. In addition, the ethanolic seed extract showed no signs of toxicity in mice at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg body weight. Conclusion The S. pinnata seed extract contains various phytochemical compounds with important medicinal properties. The extract showed a significant suppression of parasitemia in a dose-dependent manner, prolonged the mean survival time and exhibited significant curative and prophylactic activities. The overall results of this study demonstrated that the S. pinnata seed extract possessed promising in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei ANKA, with no toxicity. The findings from the present study provide scientific evidence supporting the use of S. pinnata seeds in the development of new drugs for malaria treatment. Additional studies are needed to isolate and identify the active compounds as well as to understand the mechanism of inhibition.

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Ethanol Extract of Spondias pinnata Leaves Reduce Parasite Number and Increase Macrophage Phagocytosis Capacity of Mice Infected by Plasmodium berghei

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro

Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro

Uji Efektivitas Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau “Piper Betle L” Dan Madu Sebagai Antimalaria Pada Mencit Yang Diinfeksi Plasmodium Berghei

In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz

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