Abstract:Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 98(1):5-16, 30 de março de 2008 Estudo comparativo entre os sincrânios de Otaria byronia e...
Estudo comparativo entre os sincrânios de Otaria byronia eArctocephalus australis (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) ABSTRACT. Comparative study between the syncranium of Otaria byronia and Arctocephalus australis (Pinnipedia, Otariidae). A high degree of anatomical variability in many structures of Otaria byronia (Blainville, 1820) and Arctocephalus australis (Zimmerman, 1783) was observe… Show more
“…This confirms the necessity for more extensive and detailed studies of South American species, including large sample sizes, as recommended by Berta and Churchill (2012). Sanfelice and Ferigolo (2008) emphasized the high variability of skull characters in O. byronia and A. australis, refuting many character states previously used in the phylogenetic analysis of pinnipeds. In this context, these authors concluded that a comparative osteological study of all other otariids will certainly be very useful to the solution this problem and to the revision of the characters.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 63%
“…In addition, there is limited knowledge about the anatomy of several species (examples of skull descriptions in HOWELL, 1929;SIVERTSEN, 1954;REPENNING et al, 1971;KING, 1983;ANDREESCU;MURARIU, 1985;KASTELEIN;GERRITS, 1990;FERIGOLO, 1996a;MIZUNO;OHTAISHI, 2002;SANFELICE;FERIGOLO, 2008), and the frequent variability in the cranial (NOJIMA, 1990), postcranial (ROBINETTE;STAINS, 1970;ENGLISH, 1977) and dental (DREHMER; FERIGOLO, 1996b;DREHMER et al, 2004;CRUWYS;FRIDAY, 2006;LOCH et al, 2010) character states, which makes it even more difficult to clarify the relationships of this group.…”
ResumoInterpretação dos caracteres anatômicos em análises filogenéticas dos Pinnipedia, com ênfase em Otariidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). A partir da década de oitenta, a hipótese de que os pinipédios teriam uma origem comum ganhou espaço nos debates centrados na sistemática desse grupo. Todavia, o conhecimento restrito acerca da anatomia de muitas espécies e as frequentes variações nos estados de diversos caracteres dificultam a elucidação das relações filogenéticas dos pinipédios. Objetivou-se revisar os caracteres anatômicos do sincrânio e da dentição empregados nas análises filogenéticas, tendo por base os otarídeos Otaria byronia (n=25) e Arctocephalus australis (n=48). Algumas interpretações dos caracteres utilizados na literatura revelaramse questionáveis. Destacam-se: (1) forma e posição da tuberosidade pré-maxilar; (2) orientação da série de alvéolos pós-caninos maxilares; (3) fossa naso-labialis; (4) forma da sutura do jugal com o processo zigomático do temporal; (5) relevo do timpânico; (6) relação da altura do processo condilar com a série alveolar dos pós-caninos inferiores; (7) individualização do canal do aqueduto coclear e janela redonda; (8) separação de canais no meato acústico interno para os nervos cranianos VII e VIII; (9) presença de cíngulo lingual no terceiro incisivo superior; (10) desenvolvimento do metacônido do quinto pós-canino superior e (11) número de raízes do segundo ao quarto pós-caninos superiores e do quinto pós-canino inferior. Estas observações denotam a relevância e a necessidade de descrições anatômicas detalhadas dos pinipédios para o entendimento de sua evolução.
Palavras-chave:Crânio; Dentes; Filogenia; Pinnipedia; Sistemática
AbstractThe hypothesis that pinnipeds have a common origin gained support during the 1980s in discussions focused on the systematics of the group. However, the limited knowledge of the anatomy of several species and the frequent variation in several character states make it difficult to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of pinnipeds. Our purpose was to review the anatomical characters of the syncranium and dentition used in phylogenetic analyses by studying the otariids Otaria byronia (n=25) and Arctocephalus australis (n=48). Some interpretations of characters presented in the literature were found to be questionable, notably: (1) shape and 2175-7925.2013v26n2p185 Revista Biotemas, 26 (2), junho de 2013 186 D. Sanfelice e C. J. Drehmer position of the premaxillary tuberosity; (2) orientation of the maxillary postcanine alveoli; (3) naso-labialis fossa; (4) shape of the jugal contact with the zygomatic process of temporal; (5) relief and length of the tympanic bone; (6) relationship between the height of the condylar process in relation to the lower postcanine teeth alveoli; (7) individualization of the canal of the cochlear aqueduct and round window; (8) separation of the openings for the cranial nerves VII and VIII in the internal auditory meatus; (9) lingual cingulum on the third upper incisor; (10) development of the metaconid of the fift...
“…This confirms the necessity for more extensive and detailed studies of South American species, including large sample sizes, as recommended by Berta and Churchill (2012). Sanfelice and Ferigolo (2008) emphasized the high variability of skull characters in O. byronia and A. australis, refuting many character states previously used in the phylogenetic analysis of pinnipeds. In this context, these authors concluded that a comparative osteological study of all other otariids will certainly be very useful to the solution this problem and to the revision of the characters.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 63%
“…In addition, there is limited knowledge about the anatomy of several species (examples of skull descriptions in HOWELL, 1929;SIVERTSEN, 1954;REPENNING et al, 1971;KING, 1983;ANDREESCU;MURARIU, 1985;KASTELEIN;GERRITS, 1990;FERIGOLO, 1996a;MIZUNO;OHTAISHI, 2002;SANFELICE;FERIGOLO, 2008), and the frequent variability in the cranial (NOJIMA, 1990), postcranial (ROBINETTE;STAINS, 1970;ENGLISH, 1977) and dental (DREHMER; FERIGOLO, 1996b;DREHMER et al, 2004;CRUWYS;FRIDAY, 2006;LOCH et al, 2010) character states, which makes it even more difficult to clarify the relationships of this group.…”
ResumoInterpretação dos caracteres anatômicos em análises filogenéticas dos Pinnipedia, com ênfase em Otariidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). A partir da década de oitenta, a hipótese de que os pinipédios teriam uma origem comum ganhou espaço nos debates centrados na sistemática desse grupo. Todavia, o conhecimento restrito acerca da anatomia de muitas espécies e as frequentes variações nos estados de diversos caracteres dificultam a elucidação das relações filogenéticas dos pinipédios. Objetivou-se revisar os caracteres anatômicos do sincrânio e da dentição empregados nas análises filogenéticas, tendo por base os otarídeos Otaria byronia (n=25) e Arctocephalus australis (n=48). Algumas interpretações dos caracteres utilizados na literatura revelaramse questionáveis. Destacam-se: (1) forma e posição da tuberosidade pré-maxilar; (2) orientação da série de alvéolos pós-caninos maxilares; (3) fossa naso-labialis; (4) forma da sutura do jugal com o processo zigomático do temporal; (5) relevo do timpânico; (6) relação da altura do processo condilar com a série alveolar dos pós-caninos inferiores; (7) individualização do canal do aqueduto coclear e janela redonda; (8) separação de canais no meato acústico interno para os nervos cranianos VII e VIII; (9) presença de cíngulo lingual no terceiro incisivo superior; (10) desenvolvimento do metacônido do quinto pós-canino superior e (11) número de raízes do segundo ao quarto pós-caninos superiores e do quinto pós-canino inferior. Estas observações denotam a relevância e a necessidade de descrições anatômicas detalhadas dos pinipédios para o entendimento de sua evolução.
Palavras-chave:Crânio; Dentes; Filogenia; Pinnipedia; Sistemática
AbstractThe hypothesis that pinnipeds have a common origin gained support during the 1980s in discussions focused on the systematics of the group. However, the limited knowledge of the anatomy of several species and the frequent variation in several character states make it difficult to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of pinnipeds. Our purpose was to review the anatomical characters of the syncranium and dentition used in phylogenetic analyses by studying the otariids Otaria byronia (n=25) and Arctocephalus australis (n=48). Some interpretations of characters presented in the literature were found to be questionable, notably: (1) shape and 2175-7925.2013v26n2p185 Revista Biotemas, 26 (2), junho de 2013 186 D. Sanfelice e C. J. Drehmer position of the premaxillary tuberosity; (2) orientation of the maxillary postcanine alveoli; (3) naso-labialis fossa; (4) shape of the jugal contact with the zygomatic process of temporal; (5) relief and length of the tympanic bone; (6) relationship between the height of the condylar process in relation to the lower postcanine teeth alveoli; (7) individualization of the canal of the cochlear aqueduct and round window; (8) separation of the openings for the cranial nerves VII and VIII in the internal auditory meatus; (9) lingual cingulum on the third upper incisor; (10) development of the metaconid of the fift...
“…The first study that used the CSA method to estimate the age categories for the pinnipeds found dead in southern Brazil, was Simões-Lopes et al (1995), but they did not compare this with the specimens' GLGs. For the same geographic area several studies were carried out, but over an increased sample; Drehmer & Ferigolo (1996) applied this technique for A. australis skull description; Drehmer & Ferigolo (1997) in a comparative analysis including A. australis and A. tropicalis and Sanfelice & Ferigolo (2008) for A. australis and Otaria flavescens . The CSA method had also been used for several decades in humans in forensic medicine (Meindl & Lovejoy, 1985).…”
Age is one of the most important life history parameters required to understand the dynamics of mammalian populations. Growth Layers Groups (GLGs) are incremental units of calcified tissue in the teeth (dentine and cementum), which represent a pattern of cyclical deposition that can be counted. However, the estimation of absolute age in GLGs demands a skull with teeth, the permission to destroy part of a tooth, equipment to cut the teeth, and experienced GLGs readers. In 1954 Sivertsen proposed an alternative method using cranial suture age (CSA) to establish age categories. However, there are no studies validating the CSA in relation to GLGs. Thus, this study examined whether there is a correlation between age categories proposed by the CSA and chronological age in years from GLGs of South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) (N = 52) and of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) (N = 37). 93% of the skulls of A. australis and 83.8% of O. flavescens corresponded accurately to the age in years estimated by each cranial suture age range. These results indicated the existence of high correspondence between the CSA and the GLGs age (r: 0.491 for A. australis and r: 0.675 for O. flavescens). However, an adaptation to Sivertsen's method is recommended: using only eight sutures (excluding the premaxillary-maxillary suture for CSA analysis, due to its late fusion), and updating the intervals for cranial sutures, that correspond to 16–32 = adults, 11–15 = young and 8–10 = pups.
“…The marginal process (sensu Davis, 1964; = secondary angular process in Sanfelice and Ferigolo, 2008) is strongly projected dorsally, and its posterior border has a triangular shape. A well-developed marginal process is also present in Odobenidae (Deméré, 1994); nevertheless, it is useful to discriminate among otariids because in Arctocephalus it is barely patent, whereas in Otaria it is well developed (Sanfelice and Ferigolo, 2008). Therefore, the presence of a well-developed marginal process and the presence of a sinuous ventral margin of the horizontal ramus allows us to identify this specimen as Otaria.…”
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