Abstract:-(Pericarp and seed structure of Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Anacardiaceae) with taxonomic notes). Astronium graveolens is a treelike member of the family Anacardiaceae, spreading from Mexico to the south center of South America. The fruit is a pseudosamara with a uniseriate exocarp adherent to the endocarp. The mesocarp is parenchymatic and presents large secretory ducts associated with vascular bundle and arranged side by side, near to the endocarp. The parenchymatic endocarp is biserial, and the layer envel… Show more
“…In both cases, the other stresses acted in synergy with O 3 and increased the oxidative stress (Bussotti et al, 1998;Reig-Arminñana et al, 2004;Kivim€ aenp€ a€ a et al, 2014). This same pattern was reported during the oil-resin secretion process (terpenoids and polyphenols) from the epithelial cells in secretory ducts and cavities from Anacardiaceae species (Joel and Fahn, 1980b;Carmello-Guerreiro and Paoli, 2000;Machado and Carmello-Guerreiro, 2001;Lacchia and Carmello-Guerreiro, 2009). Altogether (Joel and Fahn, 1980a,b), the developmental process of these glands is predominantly schizolysigenous and occurs in cells originated from ground meristem (when glands are not associated with vascular initials).…”
Section: Relation Between Lysigenous Secretory Ducts and Hr-like Respsupporting
confidence: 80%
“…The secretory ducts of Astronium graveolens produce an oil-resin exudate composed of polyphenols (Table 1) and terpenoids (Hern andez et al, 2013). These compounds are synthesized by epithelial cells that constitute the secretory ducts and are released into the lumen by the lysis of these same cells (holocrine secretion e Chen and Wiemer, 1984;Carmello-Guerreiro and Paoli, 2000;Silva et al, 2011). Regarding the phenolic fraction of this secretion, Joel and Fahn (1980a,b) described distinct aspects of the vacuolar content of epithelial cells of Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) along their ontogenesis, thus culminating in a dense aspect filling the vacuole at the last stage (prior to lysis).…”
Microscopic studies on isolated ozone (O3) effects or on those in synergy with light stress commonly report the induction of polyphenols that exhibit different aspects within the vacuole of photosynthesizing cells. It has been assumed that these different aspects are randomly spread in the symptomatic (injured) regions of the leaf blade. Interestingly, secretory ducts that constitutively produce polyphenols also exhibit these same variations in their vacuolar aspect, in a spatial sequence related to the destiny of these cells (e.g., programmed cell death (PCD) in lytic secretion processes). Here, we demonstrate that the deposition pattern of polyphenols prior to the establishment of the hypersensitive-like response, a type of PCD caused by O3, follows the same one observed in the epithelial cells of the constitutive lysigenous secretory ducts. Astronium graveolens, an early secondary Brazilian woody species, was selected based on its susceptibility to high light and presence of secretory ducts. The synergism effects were assessed by exposing plants to the high O3 concentrations at an urban site in São Paulo City. Confocal, widefield and light microscopies were used to examine polyphenols' occurrence and aspects. The spatial pattern of polyphenols distribution along the leaflets of plants submitted to the synergism condition, in which a dense vacuolar aspect is the target of a cell destined to death, was also observed in the constitutive secretory cells prior to lysis. This similar structural pattern may be a case of homology of process involving both the constitutive (secretory ducts) and the induced (photosynthesizing cells) defenses.
“…In both cases, the other stresses acted in synergy with O 3 and increased the oxidative stress (Bussotti et al, 1998;Reig-Arminñana et al, 2004;Kivim€ aenp€ a€ a et al, 2014). This same pattern was reported during the oil-resin secretion process (terpenoids and polyphenols) from the epithelial cells in secretory ducts and cavities from Anacardiaceae species (Joel and Fahn, 1980b;Carmello-Guerreiro and Paoli, 2000;Machado and Carmello-Guerreiro, 2001;Lacchia and Carmello-Guerreiro, 2009). Altogether (Joel and Fahn, 1980a,b), the developmental process of these glands is predominantly schizolysigenous and occurs in cells originated from ground meristem (when glands are not associated with vascular initials).…”
Section: Relation Between Lysigenous Secretory Ducts and Hr-like Respsupporting
confidence: 80%
“…The secretory ducts of Astronium graveolens produce an oil-resin exudate composed of polyphenols (Table 1) and terpenoids (Hern andez et al, 2013). These compounds are synthesized by epithelial cells that constitute the secretory ducts and are released into the lumen by the lysis of these same cells (holocrine secretion e Chen and Wiemer, 1984;Carmello-Guerreiro and Paoli, 2000;Silva et al, 2011). Regarding the phenolic fraction of this secretion, Joel and Fahn (1980a,b) described distinct aspects of the vacuolar content of epithelial cells of Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) along their ontogenesis, thus culminating in a dense aspect filling the vacuole at the last stage (prior to lysis).…”
Microscopic studies on isolated ozone (O3) effects or on those in synergy with light stress commonly report the induction of polyphenols that exhibit different aspects within the vacuole of photosynthesizing cells. It has been assumed that these different aspects are randomly spread in the symptomatic (injured) regions of the leaf blade. Interestingly, secretory ducts that constitutively produce polyphenols also exhibit these same variations in their vacuolar aspect, in a spatial sequence related to the destiny of these cells (e.g., programmed cell death (PCD) in lytic secretion processes). Here, we demonstrate that the deposition pattern of polyphenols prior to the establishment of the hypersensitive-like response, a type of PCD caused by O3, follows the same one observed in the epithelial cells of the constitutive lysigenous secretory ducts. Astronium graveolens, an early secondary Brazilian woody species, was selected based on its susceptibility to high light and presence of secretory ducts. The synergism effects were assessed by exposing plants to the high O3 concentrations at an urban site in São Paulo City. Confocal, widefield and light microscopies were used to examine polyphenols' occurrence and aspects. The spatial pattern of polyphenols distribution along the leaflets of plants submitted to the synergism condition, in which a dense vacuolar aspect is the target of a cell destined to death, was also observed in the constitutive secretory cells prior to lysis. This similar structural pattern may be a case of homology of process involving both the constitutive (secretory ducts) and the induced (photosynthesizing cells) defenses.
“…Canais estão descritos para os frutos de algumas espécies de Anacardiaceae (Harada 1937;Lozano 1986;von Teichman 1987;von Teichman & van Wyk 1991;Pienaar & von Teichman 1998;Carmello-Guerreiro & Paoli 2000;Carmello-Guerreiro & Paoli 2005) e cavidades já foram descritas para frutos de espécies do gênero Anacardium, para frutos de Protorhus namaquensis Spraque e Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Paula & Alves 1973;Paula & Heringer 1978;von Teichman & van Wyk 1994;Machado & CarmelloGuerreiro 2001). Oleorresina (Paula & Heringer 1978;Paula & Alves 1973) e resina (Joel & Fahn 1980c;Lozano 1986) foram caracterizados como produto de secreção dos canais e das cavidades dos frutos de algumas espécies de Anacardiaceae.…”
RESUMO -(Aspectos ultra-estruturais dos canais secretores em órgãos vegetativos e reprodutivos de Anacardiaceae). Neste trabalho foi estudado o desenvolvimento e a ultra-estrutura dos canais do floema dos ápices vegetativos de Spondias dulcis G. Forst., a ultra-estrutura dos canais floemáticos dos ápices vegetativos de Tapirira guinanensis Aubl., bem como, a ultra-estrutura e o desenvolvimento dos canais florais e a ultra-estrutura dos canais do fruto desta mesma espécie Os canais florais e do fruto de Anacardium humile St.Hil. também foram estudados ultra-estruturalmente. Os canais dos ápices vegetativos de S. dulcis formam-se de modo esquizolisígeno e os florais de T. guianensis desenvolvem-se, de modo esquizógeno. As células epiteliais dos canais de S. dulcis e T. guianensis possuem retículo endoplasmático rugoso, ribossomos livres, plastídios alongados, de diferentes formatos, com presença de inclusões osmiofílicas e dictiossomos com produção de vesículas. Estas organelas estão envolvidas na secreção de um exsudato heterogêneo composto por substâncias hidrofílicas e lipofílicas. As células epiteliais do fruto de A. humile apresentam plastídios, em grande quantidade, de forma arredondada com sistema de membranas circular, que estão envolvidos na síntese de substâncias lipofílicas. Os resultados das análises ultra-estruturais das células epiteliais corroboram com os resultados previamente obtidos por estudo histoquímico, através deste estudo, substâncias lipídicas e hidrofílicas foram identificadas nos canais de T. guinanensis e S. dulcis e apenas substância lipídicas nos canais de A. humile. Baseado nos aspectos ultraestruturais dos canais secretores de T. guianensis e S. dulcis nós pudemos concluir que os plastídios das células epiteliais dos canais das duas espécies são diferentes, apesar destes secretarem exsudatos de composição semelhante. Um registro novo para a família é a presença de um grande número de plastídios circulares em células epiteliais do fruto de A. humile. O padrão encontrado entre os canais secretores das espécies estudadas é o modo écrino de liberação da secreção.
Palavras-chave:Anacardiaceae, canais secretores, desenvolvimento, ultra-estrutura ABSTRACT -(Ultra-structural aspects of secretory canals in vegetative and reproductive organs of Anacardiaceae). The study assessed phloem canal development and ultra-structure in shoot apices of Spondias dulcis G. Forst., phloematic canal ultra-structure in shoot apices of Tapirira guianensis Aubl., and floral canal ultra-structure and development and fruit canal ultra-structure of the latter specie. The flower and fruit canals of Anacardium humile St.Hil. were also studied ultra-structurally. The canals in shoot apices of S. dulcis show schizo-lysigenous formation and the floral canals of T. guianensis show schizogenous development. Epithelial cells of S. dulcis and T. guianensis canals have rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, elongated plastids of several shapes with osmiophilic inclusions and dictyosomes with production of vesicles. S...
“…They produce the same substances independent of the phase in which the fruit is. In Anacardiaceae several studies have mentioned the presence of resiniferous ducts in fruits, always associated with vascular bundles (Von-Teichman 1987;1990;Wannan & Quinn 1990;Von-Teichman & Van-Wyk 1993;1994;1996;Carmello-Guerreiro & Paoli 2000;Machado & Carmello-Guerreiro 2001;González & Vesprini 2010). This is a constant feature for the family, regardless of the tribe to which the species belong.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Secretory structures are quite common in fruits of Anacardiaceae (Von-Teichman 1987;Wannan & Quinn 1990;Carmello-Guerreiro & Paoli 2000;2002;Machado & Carmello-Guerreiro 2001;Lacchia & Carmello-Guerreiro 2009;González & Vesprini 2010). The most frequent structures are the ducts and cavities, both of which may produce resin, gum or a mixture of substances (Venning 1948;Metcalfe & Chalk 1950;Lacchia & Carmello-Guerreiro 2009).…”
Most species of Anacardiaceae have drupes containing secretory structures.. Th e substances produced by these structures may have importance to industry and folk medicine, and may even cause allergenic eff ects. Th is work describes the ontogeny of pericarp of Tapirira guianensis with an emphasis on the secretory structures present at diff erent stages of development. Ovary and fruits in various stages of development were collected, fi xed and processed for studies using light and scanning electron microscopy according to conventional techniques. Histochemical tests were employed to identify the major metabolites present in the tissues. Th e fruit is a drupe formed by exocarp, mesocarp containing secretory ducts and idioblasts, and endocarp with some lignifi ed layers. Fruit growth occurs through the division and elongation of cells. Th e secretory ducts produce mainly phenols and lipids and are active during all stages of development. Th e secreted substances protect the fruit against pathogens and predators. In ripe fruits the cells of the mesocarp accumulate starch. Th is study is the fi rst report of the presence of a secretory endocarp in young fruits of a species of Anacardiaceae. Th e substances produced by the endocarp in early developmental stages may play an important role in seed dispersal and germination.
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