Estrogens and the urogenital tract

Smith, Peter A.

doi:10.3109/00016349309156514

Cited by 54 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 177 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…Although it is unknown whether pregnancy itself alters the risk for POP independent from vaginal delivery as a cause for pelvic floor injury, hormonal factors have been suggested to contribute to the disease due to the fact that the prevalence of POP increases after menopause. Consequently, the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors has been described in uterosacral ligament (USL) and levator ani muscle specimens and identifies those structures as targets for hormonal signaling [4,5]. Comparative studies on USL of women with and without POP are sparse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relaxin and gonadal steroid receptors in uterosacral ligaments of women with and without pelvic organ prolapse

et al. 2011

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relaxin and gonadal steroid receptors in uterosacral ligaments of women with and without pelvic organ prolapse

et al. 2011

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“…Secretions from the normal vaginal wall (outer third) of a reproductive-age female are acidic, in the pH range of 3.8-4.5 13 . Vaginal homeostasis is maintained by interrelationships among the endogenous microflora, metabolic products of the microflora and estrogen levels 13,14 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaginal homeostasis is maintained by interrelationships among the endogenous microflora, metabolic products of the microflora and estrogen levels 13,14 . Studies clearly indicate that estrogen is responsible for proliferating surface vaginal epithelium 15,16 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Appropriate Use of Antifungal Medications: The Roleof an Over‐the‐Counter Vaginal pH Self‐Test Device

Roy¹,

Caillouette²,

Faden³

et al. 2000

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Objectives:To determine whether patients can understand and use the vaginal pH device in the diagnosis of vaginitis. To compare whether vaginal pH readings determined by patients and healthcare providers are similar. To determine whether vaginal pH can reduce inappropriate over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal medication use and improve the correct diagnosis of vaginitis. Methods: One hundred and fifty-one women indicated their belief about the cause of their vaginal infection, read the instructions of the vaginal pH device package insert, used the device and interpreted the findings. The patient interpretations were compared with results obtained by healthcare providers, blinded to patient findings. Results: Over 96% of patients stated that they could easily read the instructions, use the vaginal pH device and interpret the readings. They obtained the same readings as healthcare professionals (Kappa = 0.9). Restricting the use of OTC antifungal medications to those individuals with vaginitis symptoms and vaginal pH ≤ 4.5 significantly reduced inappropriate use by approximately 50%, Fisher's exact test, p-value = 0.018. Conversely, seeking healthcare provider assessment with vaginal pH > 4.5, leads to correct diagnosis of vaginitis. Conclusions: The vaginal pH device can be used as an OTC diagnostic tool by consumers when a vaginal infection is suspected. Vaginal pH readings would direct patients whether to purchase an antifungal medication or seek professional diagnosis from a healthcare provider. Understanding and use of this vaginal pH device could reduce inappropriate use of OTC antifungal medications by approximately 50% and improve the correct diagnosis of vaginitis.

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“…human trichomonads is not clear, possible factors can be suggested. For example, both the bovine and murine vaginal pH is close to neutral, 20,22 whereas the human vagina has a pH of five or less, 23 making the pH of the murine vagina possibly more hospitable to T. foetus than T. vaginalis. Second, attachment to vaginal epithelial cells is thought to be an important step in colonization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Murine Models of Vaginal Trichomonad Infections

Cobo¹,

Eckmann²,

Corbeil³

2011

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus cause common sexually transmitted infections in humans and cattle, respectively. Mouse models of trichomoniasis are important for pathogenic and therapeutic studies. Here, we compared murine genital infections with T. vaginalis and T. foetus . Persistent vaginal infection with T. foetus was established with 100 parasites but T. vaginalis infection required doses of 10 6 , perhaps because of greater susceptibility to killing by mouse vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infection with T. vaginalis persisted longest after combined treatment of mice with estrogen and dexamethasone, whereas infection was only short-lived when mice were given estrogen or dexamethasone alone, co-infected with Lactobacillus acidophilus , and/or pretreated with antibiotics. Infection rates were similar with metronidazole-resistant (MR) and metronidazole-sensitive (MS) T. vaginalis. High dose but not low dose metronidazole treatment controlled infection with MS better than MR T. vaginalis. These murine models will be valuable for investigating the pathogenesis and treatment of trichomoniasis.

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Estrogens and the urogenital tract

Cited by 54 publications

References 177 publications

Relaxin and gonadal steroid receptors in uterosacral ligaments of women with and without pelvic organ prolapse

Relaxin and gonadal steroid receptors in uterosacral ligaments of women with and without pelvic organ prolapse

Improving Appropriate Use of Antifungal Medications: The Roleof an Over‐the‐Counter Vaginal pH Self‐Test Device

Murine Models of Vaginal Trichomonad Infections

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