Estrogens and non-reproductive behaviors related to activity and fear

Morgan, Maria A.; Schulkin, Jay; Pfaff, Donald W.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.11.017

Cited by 132 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…This was interpreted as a global effect of raloxifene treatment on cortical arousal, rather than a specific influence on each of the cognitive domains represented by this pattern (Goekoop et al, 2005). Such effects are in line with findings from a large number of studies, suggesting that estrogens have a context-dependent effect on cortical arousal (Morgan et al, 2004;Cahill and Alkire, 2003). Based on the locations of treatment effects, we predicted small effects of raloxifene treatment on working memory performance, executive functions, and verbal skills (Goekoop et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Raloxifene Treatment Enhances Brain Activation during Recognition of Familiar Items: a Pharmacological fMRI Study in Healthy Elderly Males

Goekoop

Barkhof

Duschek

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that may delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment in elderly women. Effects of raloxifene treatment on mental performance in males remain to be investigated. In a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we showed that raloxifene treatment enhanced brain activation in elderly males during encoding of new information (faces) into memory. The current study used fMRI in the same group of subjects to screen for effects of raloxifene treatment on brain function during face recognition. Healthy elderly males (n ¼ 28; mean age 63.6 years, SD 2.4) were scanned at baseline and after 3 months of treatment with either raloxifene 120 mg (n ¼ 14) or placebo (n ¼ 14) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study design. Functional data were analyzed in an event-related fashion with respect to correct hits and correct rejections using FSL software. Performance data were analyzed with respect to recognition accuracy, latency, and response bias. Functional effects of treatment were found on brain activation related to correct hits only. When compared to placebo treatment, raloxifene treatment enhanced brain activation in the left posterior parahippocampal area (Z ¼ 3.9) and right inferior prefrontal cortex (Z ¼ 3.5). Recognition accuracy scores remained stable in the raloxifene group, whereas the placebo group showed a small but significant decrease in accuracy scores (p ¼ 0.02). No significant effects were found on response bias or latency. In conclusion, raloxifene treatment affects brain function during memory performance in a way that may reflect increased arousal during initial encoding, with downstream effects on brain function during retrieval of information. Behaviorally, such neurofunctional effects may actively block decreased memory performance as a result of contextdependency. The validity of these predictions can be tested in large-scale clinical trials.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Raloxifene Treatment Enhances Brain Activation during Recognition of Familiar Items: a Pharmacological fMRI Study in Healthy Elderly Males

Goekoop

Barkhof

Duschek

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…One of the main issues is the need to find a common measure or scale of arousal. New experimental studies [35] and our previous findings [33,34] suggest that moods may provide such a measure. In our studies, an arousal process has been defined as an energy-consuming process distributed from a local to general (organism) level, which is associated with biological or psychological processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…For instance, sex hormones (e.g., estrogen) and certain environmental conditions (e.g., occupational stress) modulate central arousal level directly via a number of neurotransmitter systems [35,57], as well as via reactivity of HPA and SAM hormones [35,40,58], which in turn may determine mood variability and behavior [32,35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We assumed that the work day involves greater arousal than the off day in this sample of subjects and defined it as an independent "occupational stress" factor, because in our previous studies [33,34,40] it has been related to higher ratings of negative moods and increased activity of the cardiovascular and SAM system. A higher level of estrogens in the luteal compared to follicular phase was expected to produce more general arousal [32,34,35]. The data were obtained in a study of psychosocial factors affecting ambulatory blood pressure and hormones in nurses (see [33, 34, 40 -42]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moods in everyday situations: Effects of combinations of different arousal-related factors

Davydov

Shapiro

Goldstein

et al. 2007

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

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Objective: This study examined women's mood responsiveness associated with patterns of stress hormone levels in everyday situations. Methods: Self reports of negative, positive, and energy dimensions of mood were obtained in 203 nurses throughout the day on a work day and an off day during the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle.Individual differences in daytime norepinephrine and cortisol were assessed. Results: Patterns of norepinephrine and cortisol level were associated with ratings of the moods tired, sad, and happy. Phase of the menstrual cycle and the day factor (work day, off day) modified the association of mood ratings and stress hormone patterns. Conclusion: The experience of negative mood is associated with both hypoarousal and hyperarousal conditions. A homeostatic arousal-related concept of mood regulation is discussed.

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“…In contrast, performance in cognitive tasks without great motor demand is improved by physiological regimen of estrogen [81,96]. Thus, E 2 's profound effects on activity and emotional arousal [55,56,68] may contribute to some of the different effects of E 2 reported in cognitive tasks that diverge in the activity and/or arousal required for optimal performance. Because of these possible non-mnemonic factors, the present studies utilized a physiological concentration of E 2 (10 µg, SC) that was administered after training in two tasks that have low (inhibitory avoidance) or high (water maze) motor demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estradiol to aged female or male mice improves learning in inhibitory avoidance and water maze tasks

2005

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Although 17β-Estradiol (E 2 ) improves cognitive performance of aged female mice, its mnemonic effects when administered post-training to aged male mice have not been examined. E 2 (10 µg, SC) or oil vehicle was administered to intact, 24-month-old female or male congenic (primarily C57BL/6 background) mice immediately after training in the inhibitory avoidance or water maze tasks. Following behavioral testing, effects of 1 or 24 h of E 2 exposure on hippocampal levels of E 2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were examined. Female and male mice administered E 2 showed significantly better performance in the inhibitory avoidance task than did vehicle-administered mice. When tested 24 h after training, mice that received E 2 had significantly longer latencies to cross-over to the shock-associated side of the chamber than did vehicleadministered mice. Female or male mice administered E 2 showed significantly better performance in the reference memory aspect of the spatial water maze task. When tested 30 min after training, mice administered E 2 had shorter latencies to, and spent longer swimming in, the quadrant that the hidden platform had previously been located in. E 2 administration produced physiological levels of E 2 in the hippocampus 1 and 24 h after E 2 . BDNF levels in the hippocampus were decreased following 1 h of E 2 exposure compared to vehicle. These findings suggest that E 2 to female and male mice may overcome age-related deficits in reference memory in an emotional or spatial learning task.

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Estrogens and non-reproductive behaviors related to activity and fear

Cited by 132 publications

References 86 publications

Raloxifene Treatment Enhances Brain Activation during Recognition of Familiar Items: a Pharmacological fMRI Study in Healthy Elderly Males

Raloxifene Treatment Enhances Brain Activation during Recognition of Familiar Items: a Pharmacological fMRI Study in Healthy Elderly Males

Moods in everyday situations: Effects of combinations of different arousal-related factors

Estradiol to aged female or male mice improves learning in inhibitory avoidance and water maze tasks

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