Estrogenic endocrine disruptors present in sports supplements. A risk assessment for human health

Thyroid-Disrupting Activities of Groundwater from a Riverbank Filtration System in Wuchang City, China: Seasonal Distribution and Human Health Risk Assessment

“…e bioassay-derived equivalent concentration was calculated by comparing the agonistic/antagonistic activity of the water samples with the concentration of the standard chemicals [31]. Exposure assessment was based on the equation in the previous report [7]: TR agonist activity (ng/kg body weight, BW/day)…”

“…ere is accumulating evidence that thyroiddisrupting chemicals (TDCs) disrupt TH homeostasis by interfering with the synthesis, release, transport, metabolism, and clearance of THs [2][3][4][5][6]. ere are numerous potential routes of human exposure to TDCs, including contaminated air, water, soil, and diet [7]. TH-disrupting activity has been found in industrial effluents, sediment extracts, water sources, and even in drinking water in China [8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…More specifically, effective exposure to EDCs is complex to calculate; limitations in epidemiological and toxicological studies restrict reliable data for RAs [21]. Plotan et al implemented a new RA method for human health by comparing the levels of exposure from samples with the established 17β-estradiol acceptable daily intake (ADI) and estimated daily consumption of estradiol through drinking water and an omnivorous diet [7]. Using this approach, new toxicological findings (i.e., endocrine disruption and mixture toxicity) could be integrated; RA values can be calculated with respect to different receptors by gender and age, which is effective in the assessment of estrogenic chemicals in the environmental medium [7].…”

Supplements Contamination; a Real Enemy in Physical Activity & Sports

“…Thus, DS might be used to improve sports performance, prevent injury and speed up physiological adaptations in a given situation; however, there are few of them with enough evidence and scientific background, which added to High contamination with EED encompass from 17-β-estradiol, dioxins, bisphenol A, phthalate esters, polychlorinated biphenyls [9]. Most of side effects of EED take place in puberty, a period of drastic physiological changes (growth, gonadal maturation, etc.…”

Assessing Acute Toxicity of Selected Packages Internal Layers Extracts using Microtox®

“…The combined action of biologically active compounds may result in synergy, which reinforces the effects of toxicity or antagonism, which may reduce the toxic effects. 12 Clearly, it is not possible to estimate the risk posed by several xenobiotics occurring at different levels of content based on the composition of the sample alone. Determining the toxicity of the sample is only possible by applying methods that utilize living organisms as active elements.…”