Estrogenic Activity of Phthalate Esters by In Vitro VTG Assay Using Primary-cultured Xenopus Hepatocytes

Nomura, Yuji; Mitsui, Naoko; Bhawal, Ujjal K.; Sawajiri, Masahiko; Tooi, Osamu; Takahashi, Toru; Okazaki, Masanori

doi:10.4012/dmj.25.533

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…DBP that reportedly exhibited estrogenic activity in some in vitro tests [15,16,33], did not induce detectable estrogenic activity signal in the present and other in vitro and in vivo studies [20,34]. DEHP, like DBP, showed estrogenic activity in some in vitro and in vivo systems [19,35], but not in present and other in vitro and in vivo systems [20,33,36,37]. DIDP consistently showed no estrogenic activity in present and previous in vitro and in vivo assays [15,20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Toxicity and Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Phthalates and Their Mixtures

Chen

Tan

et al. 2014

IJERPH

245

104

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Phthalates, widely used in flexible plastics and consumer products, have become ubiquitous contaminants worldwide. This study evaluated the acute toxicity and estrogenic endocrine disrupting activity of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) and their mixtures. Using a 72 h zebrafish embryo toxicity test, the LC50 values of BBP, DBP and a mixture of the six phthalates were found to be 0.72, 0.63 and 0.50 ppm, respectively. The other four phthalates did not cause more than 50% exposed embryo mortality even at their highest soluble concentrations. The typical toxicity symptoms caused by phthalates were death, tail curvature, necrosis, cardio edema and no touch response. Using an estrogen-responsive ChgH-EGFP transgenic medaka (Oryzias melastigma) eleutheroembryos based 24 h test, BBP demonstrated estrogenic activity, DBP, DEHP, DINP and the mixture of the six phthalates exhibited enhanced-estrogenic activity and DIDP and DNOP showed no enhanced- or anti-estrogenic activity. These findings highlighted the developmental toxicity of BBP and DBP, and the estrogenic endocrine disrupting activity of BBP, DBP, DEHP and DINP on intact organisms, indicating that the widespread use of these phthalates may cause potential health risks to human beings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Toxicity and Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Phthalates and Their Mixtures

Chen

Tan

et al. 2014

IJERPH

245

104

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“…) in the E2 positive control; Nomura et al 2006). Both experimental approaches indicate that BPA is moderately to weakly oestrogenic for VTG and ER induction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife

Oehlmann

Schulte‐Oehlmann

Kloas

et al. 2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

746

341

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This review provides a critical analysis of the biological effects of the most widely used plasticizers, including dibutyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate and bisphenol A (BPA), on wildlife, with a focus on annelids (both aquatic and terrestrial), molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fish and amphibians. Moreover, the paper provides novel data on the biological effects of some of these plasticizers in invertebrates, fish and amphibians. Phthalates and BPA have been shown to affect reproduction in all studied animal groups, to impair development in crustaceans and amphibians and to induce genetic aberrations. Molluscs, crustaceans and amphibians appear to be especially sensitive to these compounds, and biological effects are observed at environmentally relevant exposures in the low ng l 21 to mg l 21 range. In contrast, most effects in fish (except for disturbance in spermatogenesis) occur at higher concentrations. Most plasticizers appear to act by interfering with the functioning of various hormone systems, but some phthalates have wider pathways of disruption. Effect concentrations of plasticizers in laboratory experiments coincide with measured environmental concentrations, and thus there is a very real potential for effects of these chemicals on some wildlife populations. The most striking gaps in our current knowledge on the impacts of plasticizers on wildlife are the lack of data for long-term exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations and their ecotoxicity when part of complex mixtures. Furthermore, the hazard of plasticizers has been investigated in annelids, molluscs and arthropods only, and given the sensitivity of some invertebrates, effects assessments are warranted in other invertebrate phyla.

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“…In fact, recent environmental toxicology research has found -in vitro and in vivo -that some phthalate esters are EDCs [12][13][14][15] . Phthalate esters are an ortho form of benzenedicarboxylic acid prepared by a reaction of As for chemically similar benzoic ester, 4-dimethyl amino benzoic acid ethylester (DMABEE) a reducing agent, it is also considered an environmental hormone in the dental field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immobilization of Simulated Reducing Agent at the Surface of SiO2 Fillers in Dental Composite Resins

et al. 2007

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To reduce the leachability of reducing agents from composite resins, immobilization of a simulated reducing agent at the surface of SiO2 fillers was examined. SiO2 plates were immersed in 2％ 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane/ethanol solution, and then immersed in dimethyl sulfoxide with 0.25 wt％ 4-dimethyl amino benzoic acid (DMABA), 2.0 wt％ 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride, and 0.5 wt％ N-hydroxysuccinimide. Wide-scan spectrum of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy did not detect carbon contamination. However, narrow scan detected an O＝C-N peak at 399.8 eV, suggesting that DMABA could be immobilized on silane-coupled SiO2 plates. Further, surface plasmon resonance analysis indicated the adsorption of MMA at the surface of reducing agent-immobilized plate.

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Estrogenic Activity of Phthalate Esters by In Vitro VTG Assay Using Primary-cultured Xenopus Hepatocytes

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

Toxicity and Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Phthalates and Their Mixtures

Toxicity and Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Phthalates and Their Mixtures

A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife

Immobilization of Simulated Reducing Agent at the Surface of SiO2 Fillers in Dental Composite Resins

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