Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Cardiac Function Under Metabolic Syndrome

Sun, Aijun; Ren, Jun

doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.186817

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Women had 1.66 times higher risk of metabolic syndrome than men, and similar results were observed in Hsu et al's study of intellectually disabled persons [14]. As women's total cholesterol and HDL-C levels are affected by estrogen concentrations, older women are more likely to develop metabolic syndrome [21]. In addition, the risk of metabolic syndrome is significantly higher among women aged >50 years than among men aged >50 years, because estrogen deficiency during menopause leads to increased abdominal obesity and decreased HDL-C levels [5].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Persons with Physical Disabilities

Jeong¹,

2018

Asian Nursing Research

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Persons with Physical Disabilities

Jeong¹,

2018

Asian Nursing Research

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“…1 Dyslipidemia, including hyperlipidemia, may be directly or indirectly associated with the metabolic states of estrogen-deficient females mentioned above. 2 Dyslipidemia is mainly manifested by elevations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration in the blood.…”

Section: Introduction Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Olive Leaf Extract Elevates Hepatic PPARαmRNA Expression and Improves Serum Lipid Profiles in Ovariectomized Rats

Yoon

Liu

Park

et al. 2015

Journal of Medicinal Food

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We hypothesized that olive leaf extract might alleviate dyslipidemia resulting from estrogen deficiency. Serum lipid profile and mRNA expression of the related genes in the liver and adipose tissue were analyzed after providing olive leaf extract (200 or 400 mg/kg body weight; n = 7 for each group) to ovariectomized rats for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks' administration, the rats in the olive leaf extract-administered groups showed significantly lower levels of serum triglyceride and verylow-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol compared with the rats in the control group, whereas the administration of olive leaf extract did not significantly change the elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. In addition, administration of high dose of olive leaf extract significantly decreased the liver triglyceride and increased serum estradiol levels. mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR a) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) were not affected by ovariectomy, however, administration of olive leaf extract significantly increased both PPAR a and ACO mRNA expression. Expression of adiponectin mRNA in adipose tissue was significantly decreased in the ovariectomized control group. Rats administered lowdose olive leaf extract showed significantly elevated adiponectin mRNA expression compared with rats in the ovariectomized control group. Even though dose-dependent effects were not observed in most of the measurements, these results suggest that genes involved in lipid metabolism may be regulated by olive leaf extract administration in ovariectomized rats.

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“…However, it has had a huge impact on the clinical application of ERT after the results of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Hormone Trial were reported, in which ERT prescriptions were reduced by more than 50% in Spain, where up to now the ERT application rate is about 5.0–9.4% 54 . The main reason for the significant decline in the clinical application of ERT is that the results of WHI are completely contrary to previous perceptions: the results of WHI showed that ERT did not support the idea of protecting the cardiovascular system, and this adverse result may be related to the fact that WHI enrolled many unhealthy obese women and those with MetS 53 , 55 , 56 ; moreover, the WHI results also indicated that ERT significantly increased the risk of breast cancer and venous thrombosis 55 . All in all, the overall benefits of postmenopausal women receiving ERT are still controversial 53 , 57 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…The main reason for the significant decline in the clinical application of ERT is that the results of WHI are completely contrary to previous perceptions: the results of WHI showed that ERT did not support the idea of protecting the cardiovascular system, and this adverse result may be related to the fact that WHI enrolled many unhealthy obese women and those with MetS 53 , 55 , 56 ; moreover, the WHI results also indicated that ERT significantly increased the risk of breast cancer and venous thrombosis 55 . All in all, the overall benefits of postmenopausal women receiving ERT are still controversial 53 , 57 . Although existing studies generally support that postmenopausal women with MetS can benefit from ERT 52 , 58 , 59 , it is still necessary to pay attention to cardiovascular risks and adverse reactions of patients with MetS after ERT treatment 60 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…In summary, the main consideration for the higher risk of MetS associated with women in the current study may be related to the relative ideficiency of estrogen in women. Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has long been considered to play a beneficial role in menopausal symptom management, preventing menopause-related cardiovascular disease risk, osteoporosis, MetS, vaginal epithelial thinning and hot flashes 51 – 53 . However, it has had a huge impact on the clinical application of ERT after the results of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Hormone Trial were reported, in which ERT prescriptions were reduced by more than 50% in Spain, where up to now the ERT application rate is about 5.0–9.4% 54 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Remnant cholesterol can identify individuals at higher risk of metabolic syndrome in the general population

Zou

Kuang

Zhong

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Remnant cholesterol (RC) is a highly atherogenic lipid. Previous studies have shown that RC was closely associated with many metabolism-related diseases. However, the relationship of RC with metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. This study’s objective is to investigate the relationship of RC with MetS. A total of 60,799 adults who received health assessments were included in this study. RC was calculated by subtracting the directly measured values for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) from total cholesterol (TC) and divided into 5 groups according to its quintile. MetS diagnosis according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) definitions. Application of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and multivariate logistic regression to assess the association of RC with MetS. In RC quintile groups, the prevalence of MetS was 0.84, 1.10, 1.92, 3.87 and 37.71%, respectively. Multivariate logical regression analysis showed that RC and MetS maintained a stable independent positive correlation between both sexes. An interaction test further showed that the MetS risk associated with RC was significantly higher in women than in men. Moreover, ROC analysis results showed that RC had high accuracy in identifying MetS, especially among young and middle-aged men [(area under the curve: AUC) < 30 years: 0.9572, 30–39 years: 0.9306, 40–49 years: 0.9067]. The current study provided the first evidence of a positive association between RC and MetS, and that this correlation was stronger in women than in man, which may be due to the relative deficiency of estrogen in women.

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Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Cardiac Function Under Metabolic Syndrome

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Persons with Physical Disabilities

Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Persons with Physical Disabilities

Olive Leaf Extract Elevates Hepatic PPARαmRNA Expression and Improves Serum Lipid Profiles in Ovariectomized Rats

Remnant cholesterol can identify individuals at higher risk of metabolic syndrome in the general population

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