“…In response to genotoxic stress, particularly UV-induced DNA damage, the levels of p53 protein increase, which determines either a transient arrest of cell cycle progression or triggers apoptosis (Brash, 2006;Chipuk and Green, 2004). The p53 protein can activate agents of the cell cycle checkpoints, controlling their activity, to primarily induce a transient arrest at a specific stage of the cell cycle (Andersen, 2015;Geranton and Tochiki, 2015;Mourad et al, 2014). There are two well-known p53-regulated checkpoints at which DNA damage is monitored (Figure 1.3)-, the G1/S transition checkpoint, which prevents replication of damaged DNA, and the G2/M transition, at which stage cell cycle is inhibited in response to persistent DNA damage and/or incompletely replicated DNA (Harris and Levine, 2005).…”