Estrogen for Male Function: Effect of Changes in the Sex Hormone Milieu on Erectile Function

Abstract

Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Moreover, estrogens also influence erectile function, and high estrogen levels are a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). In this review, we summarize relevant research examining the effects of the sex hormone milieu on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs, particularly erectile tissue. The mechanisms through which testosterone deficiency affects erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy have been extensively studied. Estrogen, the female sexual hormone, also affects erectile function, as demonstrated in both clinical and basic studies. Interestingly, estradiol-testosterone imbalance is considered a risk factor for ED. Furthermore, endocrine-disrupting chemicals have estrogen-like effects and cause ED. Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, first-line drugs for the treatment of ED, increase the levels of testosterone and estradiol in patients with low testosterone levels. Therefore, estrogen levels should be carefully monitored in patients receiving PDE-5 inhibitors. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings using molecular tools in order to provide insights into the treatment and mechanisms of endocrine-related ED.