Estrogen Deficiency and the Origin of Obesity during Menopause

Abstract

Sex hormones strongly influence body fat distribution and adipocyte differentiation. Estrogens and testosterone differentially affect adipocyte physiology, but the importance of estrogens in the development of metabolic diseases during menopause is disputed. Estrogens and estrogen receptors regulate various aspects of glucose and lipid metabolism. Disturbances of this metabolic signal lead to the development of metabolic syndrome and a higher cardiovascular risk in women. The absence of estrogens is a clue factor in the onset of cardiovascular disease during the menopausal period, which is characterized by lipid profile variations and predominant abdominal fat accumulation. However, influence of the absence of these hormones and its relationship to higher obesity in women during menopause are not clear. This systematic review discusses of the role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in adipocyte differentiation, and its control by the central nervous systemn and the possible role of estrogen-like compounds and endocrine disruptors chemicals are discussed. Finally, the interaction between the decrease in estrogen secretion and the prevalence of obesity in menopausal women is examined. We will consider if the absence of estrogens have a significant effect of obesity in menopausal women.

Cyanidin and malvidin in aqueous extracts of black carrots fermented with Aspergillus oryzae prevent the impairment of energy, lipid and glucose metabolism in estrogen-deficient rats by AMPK activation

“…However, few studies have evaluated the benefits anthocyanin aglycones for postmenopausal symptoms (Jia et al 2013;Pompei et al 2012). Estrogen deficiency induces a marked increase in body fat storage in humans and in OVX rats and other experimental animals (Gourlay et al 2014;Lizcano and Guzmán 2014;Butera 2010) and a high-fat diet accelerates the increases in body fat mass (Ko et al 2013). Several studies have reported that the consumption of anthocyanins limits body weight gain and fat mass both in diet-induced and genetic animal models of obesity (Wu et al , 2014, although 4 week consumption of dried purple carrots did not change body weight gain or serum lipid concentrations in men (Wright et al 2013).…”

“…Furthermore, osteoporosis is more prevalent in older women over the age of 50 (Gourlay et al 2014). This is, at least in part, due to estrogen deficiency which impairs energy, glucose, lipid and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women (Baños et al 2011;Lizcano and Guzmán 2014). Estrogen deficiency promotes a positive energy balance by increasing food intake and decreasing energy expenditure through its interaction with orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones and changes in body fat distribution characterized by greater visceral fat mass (Butera 2010).…”

Early and premature menopause in women with diabetes mellitus Type 2

“…The role of these endocrine disruptors in sexual behavior, menopause and some gonadal diseases (cessation of the ovarian cycle) has been examined due to their modulation of estrogen receptor activity. Some endocrine disruptors may also modify DNA methylation in the regulatory region of specific genes [14].…”

Índice de Massa Corporal e fatores associados em mulheres climatéricas

“…Debido a los cambios que sufre el organismo femenino durante ese periodo, la asociación entre la obesidad y el climaterio ha sido objeto de estudio de varios autores 15,16 , siendo que el exceso de peso es un serio problema de salud, pues representa un importante factor de riesgo para la aparición de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, hipertensión arterial sistémica, problemas respiratorios, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias y neoplasias, impactando significativamente en la mortalidad de los individuos afectados 17,18, y aumenta significativamente en las mujeres después de llegar a los 40 años de edad; alcanzando 65% de ellas entre 40 y 59 años y 73,8% en mujeres con más de 60 años de edad 54 .…”

“…Datos antropométricos como la circunferencia abdominal, la relación cintura y cadera y el IMC fueran evaluados. La medición de la estatura ocurrió con el auxilio del antropómetro SECA 206 en una pared con noventa grados en relación al suelo y sin zócalos con la mujer en la debida posición para la evaluación de este dato; del peso (kg) utilizando una balanza portátil SECA OMEGA 870 digital y del IMC por el producto de la división del peso corporal por la altura al cuadrado (P/E2) ocurriendo la clasificación de las investigadas en eutróficas (18,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)9), sobrepeso (25,0-29,9) y obesidad (30,0-arriba) 12 .…”