Estrogen and α-Fetoprotein Levels in Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood Samples in Relation to Birth Weight

Nagata, Chisato; Iwasa, Shinichi; Shiraki, Makoto; Shimizu, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0158

Cited by 74 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Third trimester maternal oestriol is elevated in high birth weight pregnancies (Kaijser et al, 2000;Mucci et al, 2003;Peck et al, 2003;Troisi et al, 2003;Nagata et al, 2006), but data for second trimester estrogens are conflicting (Kaijser et al, 2000;Wuu et al, 2002). Our data show no association of birth weight with first trimester estrogens seeming to suggest that if oestrogen explains the association of birth weight and breast cancer risk, the critical exposure window may be later in pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Our data show no association of birth weight with first trimester estrogens seeming to suggest that if oestrogen explains the association of birth weight and breast cancer risk, the critical exposure window may be later in pregnancy. Yet associations of birth weight with cord estrogens are unclear (Simmons et al, 1994;Shibata et al, 2002;Troisi et al, 2003;Nagata et al, 2006), and breast cancer risk in women prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol does not differ by trimester of first exposure (Palmer et al, 2006). Other prenatal factors could act differently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal, prenatal and perinatal characteristics and first trimester maternal serum hormone concentrations

Troisi

Thadhani

et al. 2008

Br J Cancer

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In uncomplicated pregnancies, first trimester androgen, oestrogen and prolactin concentrations were higher in nulliparous (n ¼ 160) than parous (n ¼ 260) mothers. Androgens and estrogens were higher in younger than older mothers. These data are consistent with elevated hormone concentrations mediating the breast cancer protection from a first pregnancy and pregnancies occurring at younger ages. There are few opportunities to directly evaluate the hypothesis that the pregnancy hormonal milieu influences cancer risk in the mother and offspring. Investigations have instead used proxies to reflect the endocrine environment such as birth weight which is associated with a modestly elevated breast cancer risk in the daughter (Michels and Xue, 2006). Whereas age at first and last pregnancy and parity are established maternal breast cancer risk factors (National Cancer Institute, 2003), associations have been less consistent for other pregnancy characteristics with regard to the mother (Cnattingius et al, 2005) and offspring (Potischman et al, 2004).The few studies on hormone variations by maternal and pregnancy characteristics have focused on maternal measures in mid-or late pregnancy, primarily estrogens. Because the timing of carcinogenic events is unknown, characterising hormones over the entire pregnancy may provide additional insights into the biological mechanisms for maternal and perinatal breast cancer risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODSData derived from an obstetrical study at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston, Massachusetts that began in 1998 (Thadhani et al, 2001). Women were recruited at their first prenatal visit (ranging from 6.4 to 19.9 weeks gestation (median 11) with over 90% in the first 13 weeks), interviewed, and asked to provide a blood sample. Participants gave informed consent and the study was approved by the MGH Institutional Review Board. The study sample, described previously (Potischman et al, 2005), includes 109 Hispanic, 56 African American and 255Caucasian women 18 -42 years of age (median 29.6), who delivered a live, singleton birth in an uncomplicated pregnancy. A total of 38% of the women were nulliparous. Laboratory assaysSample handling, storage and assays were described previously (Potischman et al, 2005). Intra-class correlation coefficients from repeated measures of blind quality control samples were 97% for oestradiol, 92% for SHBG, 90% for oestrone, 85% for androstenedione, 76% for prolactin, 76% for testosterone, 60% for progesterone and o50% for DHEAS. Hormone medians and ranges have been published (Potischman et al, 2005). Statistical methodsSpearman correlation coefficients were calculated using continuous data. All pregnancy factors associated with the hormones in unadjusted analyses were entered with gestational age at blood collection (excluding pregnancies with 14 þ weeks' gestation) into linear regression models with logarithm-transformed hormones as dependent variables. Exponentiated b estimates (À1.0) from these models are presented for factors which r...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal, prenatal and perinatal characteristics and first trimester maternal serum hormone concentrations

Troisi

Thadhani

et al. 2008

Br J Cancer

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“…Whether birth size is associated with maternal estradiol, however, is unclear (38,(41)(42)(43). In the cord, birth weight is not associated with estradiol (38,42,44,45), estrone (38,44), or androgens (38,45), and the association with estriol is unclear (38,42). Overall, the data imply that birth weight is positively associated with maternal but not fetal estrogen concentrations.…”

Section: Prominent Hypotheses To Explain Prenatal Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Initially, breast cancer risk associated with high birth weight was speculated to be mediated through greater fetal estrogen exposure (37) because estriol concentrations are clearly elevated in the maternal circulation of high-birth-weight pregnancies (38)(39)(40)(41)(42). Interestingly, maternal estriol has been observed to be associated with birth weight in United States but not Chinese women (43).…”

Section: Prominent Hypotheses To Explain Prenatal Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other birth size measures, including, ponderal index (39), birth length (38,41), and placental weight (39,41,43), are positively associated with maternal estriol as well. Whether birth size is associated with maternal estradiol, however, is unclear (38,(41)(42)(43). In the cord, birth weight is not associated with estradiol (38,42,44,45), estrone (38,44), or androgens (38,45), and the association with estriol is unclear (38,42).…”

Section: Prominent Hypotheses To Explain Prenatal Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Underlying Hormonal Mechanisms of Prenatal Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Review and Commentary

Troisi

Potischman

Hoover

2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Prenatal factors have been hypothesized to influence subsequent breast cancer development. Directly evaluating the associations of in utero exposures with risk, however, presents several methodologic and theoretical challenges, including the long induction period between exposure and disease and the lack of certainty regarding the critical timing of exposure. Indirect evaluation of these associations has been achieved by use of proxies such as gestational and neonatal characteristics. Evidence suggests that preeclampsia is associated with a reduced breast cancer risk, whereas high birth weight and dizygotic twinning seem associated with an increased risk. Asians born in Asia have substantially lower breast cancer risks than women born in the West. Although data thus far are few, what exists is not consistent with a unifying hypothesis for a particular biological exposure (such as estrogens or androgens) during pregnancy as mediating the observed associations between pregnancy factors and breast cancer risk. This suggests that additional studies of prenatal factors should seek to broaden the range of hormones, growth, and other endocrine factors that are evaluated in utero. Once candidate biomarkers are identified, assessing them with respect to breast cancer and with intermediate end points in carcinogenesis should be a priority. In addition, investigations should explore the possibility that in utero exposures may not act directly on the breast, but may alter other physiologic pathways such as hormone metabolism that have their effect on risk later in life. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(9):1700 -12)

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Perinatal factors and adult‐onset lupus

Karlson¹,

Costenbader²,

Hernán³

et al. 2008

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. Some evidence suggests that perinatal factors, including birth weight and breastfeeding, may influence the occurrence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. However, few studies have investigated these factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Therefore, we evaluated the role of birth weight, being breastfed, and preterm birth on the incidence of SLE in participants in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). Methods. We studied 87,411 NHS participants and 98,413 NHSII participants without SLE at baseline who provided information on perinatal exposures. Among these women, during 26 (NHS) and 14 (NHSII) years of followup, 222 incident SLE cases were confirmed (136 NHS and 86 NHSII) by medical record review using American College of Rheumatology criteria. We used stratified Cox models to estimate the association of perinatal factors with SLE, adjusting for race, early passive cigarette smoke exposure, and parents' occupation. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to compute combined estimates across the 2 cohorts. Results. After adjustment for multiple potential confounders, high birth weight (>10 pounds) was associated with increased rates of SLE compared with normal birth weight (7-8.5 pounds; rate ratio [RR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.2-5.9), as was being born >2 weeks preterm (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.0); however, being breastfed was not (RR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6 -1.1). Conclusion. Birth weight >10 pounds and preterm birth were both positively associated with incident SLE among women.

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Estrogen and α-Fetoprotein Levels in Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood Samples in Relation to Birth Weight

Cited by 74 publications

References 25 publications

Maternal, prenatal and perinatal characteristics and first trimester maternal serum hormone concentrations

Maternal, prenatal and perinatal characteristics and first trimester maternal serum hormone concentrations

Exploring the Underlying Hormonal Mechanisms of Prenatal Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Review and Commentary

Perinatal factors and adult‐onset lupus

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