ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS IN THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT OF HUMANS AND MONKEYS<sup>*</sup>

Flickinger, George L.; Elsner, Carlene W.; Illingworth, Doreen V.; Muechler, Eberhard K.; Mikhail, George R.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb29415.x

Cited by 36 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Nevertheless, animal studies have allowed the controlled administration of exogenous hormones to surgically menopausal (ovariectomized) subjects in order to more clearly identify the role played by sex steroid hormones on hormone receptor expression in the vagina. An investigation into the effects of estrogen replacement in ovariectomized Rhesus monkeys showed that while ovariectomized animals had very low levels of nuclear ER, estrogen administration significantly increased nuclear receptor levels [10]. However, in ovariectomized rats, estrogen treatment at high doses decreased ERα in epithelium, had no effect on ER‐α in the stroma [23,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the vagina is well documented in humans and animals. Using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and binding assays, ERα immunoreactivity has been demonstrated in vaginal epithelium, muscularis, and stromal fibroblasts of the vagina, but not in the walls of vaginal blood vessels [2–10]. The presence of ERα in the human vagina has also been confirmed by enzyme immunoassay [11], although this method does not allow for specific localization of the receptor within the target tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Differential Regulation of the Expression of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Androgen Receptors by Sex Steroid Hormones in the Vagina: Immunohistochemical Studies

Pessina

Hoyt

Goldstein³

et al. 2006

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective Significant structural changes occur in the rat vagina in response to sex steroid hormone deprivation and replacement. However, the mechanism by which these changes occur is not clearly understood and our current hypothesis is that these effects are mediated, at least in part, by the expression of sex steroid hormone receptors. The goal of this study was to assess changes in steroid hormone receptor expression and distribution in response to sex steroid hormone deprivation and administration. Methods Female rats were either kept intact (controls) or ovariectomized. Ovariectomized animals were treated with vehicle, estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, or hormone combinations. Using immunohistochemistry, hormone receptor distribution was assessed in all layers of the vaginal wall. Results After ovariectomy, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) was up-regulated and progesterone receptor (PR) was down-regulated. Estradiol replacement restored these ovariectomy-induced changes, and this effect was dose-dependent. Androgen receptor (AR) expression was unaffected by ovariectomy or estradiol replacement. However, testosterone treatment resulted in increased AR density in the muscularis. Addition of either testosterone or progesterone to estradiol mitigated but did not abolish the effects of estradiol alone. Conclusion Estradiol down-regulated ERα and up-regulated PR expression in the vagina, suggesting this may be a mechanism to prevent continued proliferation of the epithelium by surges of estradiol during the estrous cycle.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Regulation of the Expression of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Androgen Receptors by Sex Steroid Hormones in the Vagina: Immunohistochemical Studies

Pessina

Hoyt

Goldstein³

et al. 2006

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…62,67 It has long been known that estrogen upregulates both ERα and PR in the human endometrium 68,69 as well as in primates and other mammals. 70 Likewise, these studies have shown that progesterone downregulates both ERα and PR during the secretory phase of the cycle.…”

Section: Alternative Views On Lxa4 and Estrogen Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of Lipoxin A4 in endometrial biology and endometriosis

Canny

Lessey

2013

Mucosal Immunology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), an endogenous anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediator studied in many disease states, is recently appreciated as a potentially significant player in the endometrium. This eicosanoid, synthesized from arachidonic acid via the action of lipoxygenase enzymes, is likely regulated in endometrial tissue during the menstrual cycle. Recent studies revealed that LXA4 acts as an estrogen receptor agonist in endometrial epithelial cells, antagonizing some estrogen-mediated activities in a manner similar to the weak estrogen estriol, with which it shares structural similarity. LXA4 may also be an anti-inflammatory molecule in the endometrium, though its precise function in various physiological and pathological scenarios remains to be determined. The expression patterns for LXA4 and its receptor in the female reproductive tract suggest a role in pregnancy. The present review provides an oversight of its known and putative roles in the context of immuno-endocrine crosstalk. Endometriosis, a common inflammatory condition and a major cause of infertility and pain, is currently treated by surgery or anti-hormone therapies that are contraceptive and associated with undesirable side effects. LXA4 may represent a potential therapeutic and further research to elucidate its function in endometrial tissue and the peritoneal cavity will undoubtedly provide valuable insights.

show abstract

“…The actions of estrogen and progesterone are de pendent on the presence of specific receptors. 6 ' 7 Es trogen up-regulates both its own receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR), [8][9][10] and progester one down-regulates this expression pattern. 11 How ever, the pattern of progesterone-induced downregulation of ER and PR is confined to the epithelial cells and demonstrates a gradient effect from the functionalis to the basalis.…”

Section: Phase L-establishment Of Uterine Receptivity: Role Of Estrogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implantation in the Baboon: Endometrial Responses

et al. 1999

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Blastocyst implantation in the baboon usually occurs between 8 and 10 days post ovulation. Changes that occur within this window of receptivity and immediately following implantation can be divided into three distinct phases. The first phase, regulated by estrogen and progesterone, is characterized primarily by changes in both the luminal and glandular epithelial cells in preparation for blastocyst apposition and attachment. The second phase is the further modulation of these steroid induced changes in both epithelial and stromal cells by embryonic signals. The final phase is associated with trophoblast invasion and the remodeling of the endometrial stromal compartment. During the initial phase, the actions of estrogen and progesterone are dependent on the presence of specific receptors. Estrogen up-regulates both its own receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR), while progesterone down-regulates this expression pattern. However, the pattern of progesterone-induced down-regulation of ER and PR is confined to the epithelial cells and demonstrates a gradient effect from the functionalis to the basalis. What is most intriguing is that the loss of epithelial PR is closely correlated with the establishment of uterine receptivity. Coincident with the changes in ER and PR expression, epithelial cells undergo alterations in their cytoskeletal architecture and secretory profile. These changes can be counteracted by PR antagonist treatment during the luteal phase. Although estrogen and progesterone play a critical role in establishing the initial phase of uterine receptivity, it is becoming increasingly evident that the embryo induces functional receptivity in ruminants and rodents. In our studies in the primate, we demonstrate that chorionic gonadotrophin when infused in a manner that mimics blastocyst transit, has physiological effects on the three major cell types in the uterine endometrium. The luminal epithelium undergoes endoreplication and distinct epithelial plaques are evident. The glandular epithelium responds by inducing transcriptional and post-translational modifications in the major secretory product, glycodelin. The stromal fibroblasts initiate their differentiation process into a decidual phenotype and are characterized by the expression of actin filaments. In phase three, blastocyst attachment to the surface epithelium and subsequent implantation is associated with local remodeling of the maternal stroma, smooth muscle, and endothelium of the blood vessels by the trophoblast. In addition, there is a gradual diminution of the epithelial plaques on the luminal surface although the glandular epithelium remains highly secretory. The most dramatic effect is on the stromal fibroblasts, which in response to embryonic stimuli, differentiate into decidual cells, the major cell type of the gestational endometrium. This differentiation is characterized by the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in these cells. The cytokine IL-1 beta is one possible embryonic signal. COX-2 is t...

show abstract

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS IN THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT OF HUMANS AND MONKEYS^*

Cited by 36 publications

References 16 publications

Differential Regulation of the Expression of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Androgen Receptors by Sex Steroid Hormones in the Vagina: Immunohistochemical Studies

Differential Regulation of the Expression of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Androgen Receptors by Sex Steroid Hormones in the Vagina: Immunohistochemical Studies

The role of Lipoxin A4 in endometrial biology and endometriosis

Implantation in the Baboon: Endometrial Responses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS IN THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT OF HUMANS AND MONKEYS*

Cited by 36 publications

References 16 publications

Differential Regulation of the Expression of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Androgen Receptors by Sex Steroid Hormones in the Vagina: Immunohistochemical Studies

Differential Regulation of the Expression of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Androgen Receptors by Sex Steroid Hormones in the Vagina: Immunohistochemical Studies

The role of Lipoxin A4 in endometrial biology and endometriosis

Implantation in the Baboon: Endometrial Responses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS IN THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT OF HUMANS AND MONKEYS^*