Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women

Barrett‐Connor, Elizabeth; Tl, Bush

doi:10.1016/0020-7292(92)90411-b

Cited by 37 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…LDL-C is the most indicative predicting factor in males, while HDL-C is the most indicative factor in females, while triglycerides are the second most indicative in both sexes [17,18]. The mean cholesterol concentration in females was lower than that in males in our analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Prevalence of Dyslipidemia among Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 1998-2005

et al. 2012

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BackgroundDyslipidemia is a disorder of lipid metabolism, including elevated total cholesterol, elevated triglyceride, elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The objective of this study was to investigate recent changes in the prevalence of dyslipidemia and also the rates of awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia among Korean adults.MethodsDyslipidemia is defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III as total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL, LDL-C ≥160 mg/dL, HDL-C <40 mg/dL, and triglyceride ≥200 mg/dL. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was estimated for adults aged ≥20 years using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) in 1998 (n=6,923), 2001 (n=4,882), and 2005 (n=5,323). Rates of awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidemia were calculated for adults aged ≥30 years using the KNHANES in 2005 (n=4,654).ResultsThe prevalence of dyslipidemia (aged ≥20 years) increased from 32.4% in 1998 to 42.6% in 2001 and 44.1% in 2005. Compared with the KNHANES in 1998, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 47% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35% to 59%) higher in 2001 and 61% (95% CI, 49% to 75%) higher in 2005. In 2005, only 9.5% of people with dyslipidemia were aware of the disease, 5.2% used lipid-lowering medication, and 33.2% of patients with treatment reached treatment goals.ConclusionThe prevalence of dyslipidemia in Korea gradually increased between 1998 and 2005. These findings suggest that more intense efforts for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia may lead to further improvement in the management of dyslipidemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Prevalence of Dyslipidemia among Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 1998-2005

et al. 2012

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“…Epidemiological data collected over more than a decade have indicated that HRT prevents cardiovascular disease (e.g. Barrett‐Connor & Bush 1991, Ettinger et al. 1996), but recent prospective, placebo‐controlled studies have been unable to confirm these cardiovascular advantages in primary (Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators 2002) and secondary (Herrington et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women's conception of the menopausal transition – a qualitative study

Lindh-Åstrand¹,

Hoffmann²,

Hammar³

et al. 2007

Journal of Clinical Nursing

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“…Effect of Postmenopausal Hormone Regimens on CVD The use of non‐contraceptive estrogen therapy is associated with lower rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. One small randomized controlled trial and several case‐control and cohort studies report a decreased risk, with estimates ranging between 0.33 and 0.65 95,96 . A few studies have shown no effect, and a few report an increased risk 95 .…”

Section: Longer Term Postmenopausal Syndromesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lipid and non‐lipid mediated explanations have been proposed to account for the estrogen's beneficial cardiovascular effect. These include improved lipid profiles, inhibition of atheroma development, stabilization of vascular reactivity in regions of plaques, decreased blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive women, and improved insulin levels 95–100 . Studies that find greater cardiovascular benefit with current estrogen use underscore the relevance of the non‐lipid mediated benefits, less arterial spasm, for example 89 .…”

Section: Longer Term Postmenopausal Syndromesmentioning

confidence: 99%