Estranediols profiling in calves’ urine after 17β-nandrolone laureate ester administration

5α-Estrane-3β,17β-diol and 5β-estrane-3α,17β-diol: Definitive screening biomarkers to sign nandrolone abuse in cattle?

“…Apart from the Table 2 Nandrolone and estranediols concentrations in urine samples collected on 65 injured mixed breed steers. Nandrolone and estranediols concentrations (g L −1 ) Some urine samples collected on nandrolone (17␤-nortestosterone laureate (Decadurabolin ® , 50 mg/mL, Intervet, Boxmeer, The Netherlands)) treated calves have also been involved in the present study; full protocol has been published previously [34,35]. …”

“…Efficient control of the illegal use of anabolic steroids must both take into account metabolic patterns and associated kinetics of elimination [6,12,20] to target analytes of interest and appropriate detection windows. Regarding 17␤-NT metabolism, studies have mainly been reported on human subjects [6,12,13,[21][22][23][24][25] but also on horses [26], pigs and bovine animals [27][28][29][30], but in particular calves [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. In horses [36][37][38], main reported metabolites observed after 17␤-NT administrations are 17␣-nortestosterone (17␣-NT), 19-noretiocholanolone (NE) but also 19-norandrosterone (NA), which has rarely been observed in cattle.…”

“…The isomers 5␤-estrane-3␣,17␤-diol (bab) and 5␣-estrane-3␤,17␤-diol (abb) have been identified in pigs after 17␤-nandrolone laureate ester administration [38][39][40], and in horses the isomers aba and abb have been detected as main [36,37]. In bovines, a recent study reported quantitative data on estranediols profiles after the administration of 17␤-nortestosterone laureate to calves focussing on five isomers which were selected and monitored including 5␣-estrane-3␤,17␤-diol (abb), 5␤-estrane-3␣,17␤-diol (bab), 5␣-estrane-3␤,17␣-diol (aba), 5␣-estrane-3␣,17␤-diol (aab) and 5␤-estrane-3␣,17␣-diol (baa) [35]. The metabolites aba, baa, bab and abb could be detected in the samples, the configuration aba being the major one as already highlighted [27,28,30,42].…”

“…Nevertheless, some recent findings reported that both forms can be detected in injured animals [49] and that 17␣-NT together with aba-estranediol can be present at very low concentration in the urine of un-injured steers [50] which will most likely represent a difficulty for EU member states that currently rely measurement of 17␣-NT and 17␤-NT to monitor and control the abuse of this popular drug. In this context, the purpose of the present work was to extend the previous estranediol study [35] to pregnant cows and injured animals. The main objective was the establishment and comparison of estranediols profiles in the different populations of interest.…”

Metabolomics in food analysis: application to the control of forbidden substances

“…In this context, strategies based on the detection of physiological actions of anabolic practices are promising approaches to screen for their misuse. Profiling biological matrices to reveal biological effects of a drug can either be performed in a targeted focus on a particular class of compounds, such as the steroidome [4][5][6][7][8][9] or in an untargeted way using global strategies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, or metabolomics. [10,11] These emerging strategies are promising ways to highlight candidate biomarkers to tackle illegal practices.…”