Estradiol treatment modulates spontaneous sleep and recovery after sleep deprivation in castrated male rats

Prolonged menstruation and increased menstrual blood with generalized δ electroencephalogram power: A case report

“…According to previous studies, a general increase in brain activation may be associated with enhanced estradiol levels, such as EEG powers (12). However, to the best of our knowledge, this case study was the first to demonstrate enhanced δ frequency levels under the specific conditions of the patient.…”

Linking Cigarette Smoking/Tobacco Exposure and Cluster Headache: A Pathogenesis Theory

“…87 VIP Expressing Neurons.-Males have more VIP expressing neurons in the human SCN than females. 90 Thus, estrogenization of young males with cadmium may not only alter sexually dimorphic nuclei but also alter the baseline circadian rhythm and sleep pattern, which is sexually hormonally influenced. 88 Gender Differences in Circadian Rhythms and Normal Sleep Over a Lifetime.-It appears that infant males are delayed in the development of coherent sleeping rhythms relative to girls of the same age.…”

“…89 Male rats treated with estrogen spend more time awake during dark phase under baseline conditions, whereas after sleep deprivation male rats treated with estrogen spend more time in REM recovery. 90 Thus, estrogenization of young males with cadmium may not only alter sexually dimorphic nuclei but also alter the baseline circadian rhythm and sleep pattern, which is sexually hormonally influenced.…”

Prolonged androgen deprivation may influence the autoregulation of estrogen receptors in the brain and pelvic floor muscles of male rats

“…E8875; Sigma-Aldrich) in 60 L of sesame oil for the E2 groups. This E2 dose raised the plasma E2 levels of the castrated male rats to levels similar to those of proestrus female rats [2,3]. Although these were supra-physiological levels for normal male rats, those levels were chosen because of their clinical relevance to human males receiving exogenous E to treat various medical conditions.…”

“…In addition to the presence of ERs in these tissues, they are of interest because: (1) E may stimulate mounting behavior in male rats by acting on ERs in brain areas that are activated during a sexual encounter [12,13], (2) in females, E can improve cognitive function when administered early, but not late after hormone-deprivation (e.g., ovariectomy or menopause) [14,15], and (3) E has been shown to influence some visceral functions associated with PFM (notably, E therapy may help improve incontinence in women; [16,17]). Our results, we reasoned, would establish whether the length of time between castration and E2 administration in males affects the responsiveness of these tissues to E2, which may potentially influence their functions.…”