Estradiol Stimulates Growth Hormone Production in Female Goldfish

Zou, Jun; Trudeau, Vance L.; Cui, Zhengwei; Brechin, J.; MacKenzie, K.; Zhang, Zhu; Houlihan, D.F.; Peter, Richard

doi:10.1006/gcen.1996.6857

Cited by 67 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Considering these findings along with those of Crews et al (1985), where castrated males (removal of endogenous T and E 2 ) grew like untreated females, suggests that male neonatal T. sirtalis concinnus need endogenous levels of either T or E 2 to maintain the male condition (Table 1). These findings are in agreement with those in some mammals and fish where gonadal steroids have differential effects between the sexes (Jannson et al, 1985;Painson et al, 1992;Holloway and Leatherland, 1997;Zou et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The Influence of Sex Steroids on the Sexual Size Dimorphism in the Red-Spotted Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus

Lerner

Mason

2001

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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The red-spotted garter snake exhibits adult size dimorphism in which females are the larger sex. To understand which hormones may influence differential growth in this species, growth curves and hormone profiles of estradiol-17␤ (E 2 ) and testosterone (T) were constructed in male and female neonates. Growth was manipulated via implantation of exogenous hormones and hormone antagonists. Female neonates are heavier or longer beginning at either 20 or 24 weeks of age, respectively. Although low circulating levels of E 2 and T were present in males and females from birth through 15 weeks of age, these levels were not significantly different between the sexes. Differences in the growth curves of the treated and untreated snakes were significant after 24 weeks of age. Antiestrogen produced male-like growth in females but had no effect on males. Antiandrogen had no effect on either males or females. Exogenous T reduced female growth to that observed in males, and E 2 reduced male growth. These results suggest that a basal level of either E 2 or T is sufficient in males to retain typical male growth patterns. Similar endogenous levels of E 2 appear to have growthpromoting effects in females. Endogenous T does not appear to play a role in female growth.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The Influence of Sex Steroids on the Sexual Size Dimorphism in the Red-Spotted Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus

Lerner

Mason

2001

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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“…In addition, E 2 has direct effects on igf1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (igfbp) expression in hepatocytes (Riley et al 2004). In fhm exposed to E 2 , pituitary gh expression was unaffected but, in goldfish, E 2 increased pituitary GH levels without any changes in steady-state pituitary gh mRNA levels, suggesting that the actions of E 2 on GH are not at the level of transcription (Zou et al 1997). Moreover, the absence of oestrogen-response elements on teleost gh genes (Chen et al 1994, Xiong et al 1994 suggests that E 2 does not increase GH through direct genomic effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Multiple molecular effect pathways of an environmental oestrogen in fish

Filby¹,

Thorpe²,

Tyler³

2006

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

129

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Complex interrelationships in the signalling of oestrogenic effects mean that environmental oestrogens present in the aquatic environment have the potential to disrupt physiological function in fish in a more complex manner than portrayed in the present literature. Taking a broader approach to investigate the possible effect pathways and the likely consequences of environmental oestrogen exposure in fish, the effects of 17b-oestradiol (E 2 ) were studied on the expression of a suite of genes which interact to mediate growth, development and thyroid and interrenal function (growth hormone GH (gh), GH receptor (ghr ), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) (igf1), IGF-I receptor (igf1r ), thyroid hormone receptors-a (thra) and -b (thrb) and glucocorticoid receptor (gr )) together with the expression analyses of sex-steroid receptors and ten other genes centrally involved in sexual development and reproduction in fathead minnow (fhm; Pimephales promelas). Exposure of adult fhm to 35 ng E 2 /l for 14 days induced classic oestrogen biomarker responses (hepatic oestrogen receptor 1 and plasma vitellogenin), and impacted on the reproductive axis, feminising 'male' steroidogenic enzyme expression profiles and suppressing genes involved in testis differentiation. However, E 2 also triggered a cascade of responses for gh, ghr, igf1, igf1r, thra, thrb and gr in the pituitary, brain, liver, gonad and gill, with potential consequences for the functioning of many physiological processes, not just reproduction. Molecular responses to E 2 were complex, with most genes showing differential responses between tissues and sexes. For example, igf1 expression increased in brain but decreased in gill on exposure to E 2 , and responded in an opposite way in males compared with females in liver, gonad and pituitary. These findings demonstrate the importance of developing a deeper understanding of the endocrine interactions for unravelling the mechanisms of environmental oestrogen action and predicting the likely health consequences.

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“…S3). In female goldfish, E2 stimulates GH production at posttranscriptional or translational level in the pituitary (21). This relationship between serum GH and E2 levels is not observed in female tilapia, however (Figs.…”

Section: Body Growth Regulation By Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Grmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…These results suggest that the release of GH from ectopically transplanted gonads stimulates growth. GH and IGF-I are expressed in the testis of human and chicken (17)(18)(19)(20)(21), and the gonads might produce both GH and IGF-I, although there might be differences between species. The roles of these hormones produced from the gonads in growth are not clearly understood, however.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gonads directly regulate growth in teleosts

Bhatta

Iwai

Miura

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In general, there is a relationship between growth and reproduction, and gonads are known to be important organs for growth, but direct evidence for their role is lacking. Here, using a fish model, we report direct evidence that gonads are endocrine organs equal to the pituitary in controlling body growth. Gonadal loss of function, gain of function, and rescue of growth were investigated in tilapia. Gonadectomy experiments were carried out in juvenile males and females. Gonadectomy significantly retarded growth compared with controls; however, this retardation was rescued by the implantation of extirpated gonads. Because gonads express growth hormone, it is possible that gonads control body growth through the secretion of growth hormone and/or other endocrine factors. We propose that gonads are integral players in the dynamic regulation of growth in teleosts.

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Estradiol Stimulates Growth Hormone Production in Female Goldfish

Cited by 67 publications

References 51 publications

The Influence of Sex Steroids on the Sexual Size Dimorphism in the Red-Spotted Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus

The Influence of Sex Steroids on the Sexual Size Dimorphism in the Red-Spotted Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus

Multiple molecular effect pathways of an environmental oestrogen in fish

Gonads directly regulate growth in teleosts

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