“…Multiple factors in pregnancy have been shown to regulate various maternal immune cell populations; these cells may be regulated differently depending on the stage of pregnancy in order to meet the specific demands for successful implantation, maintenance of pregnancy, and preparation for parturition (Bauersachs and Wolf, 2013, Gomez-Lopez et al, 2014, Robertson and Moldenhauer, 2014. In murine and human models, the ability of DC to differentiate and mature can be altered by pregnancy-associated hormones, including estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PG), both of which are highly upregulated in pregnancy (Lamote et al, 2004, Segerer et al, 2009, Xu et al, 2011, Cordeau et al, 2012, Lasarte et al, 2013, Schumacher et al, 2014. The relationship of these two hormones, E2 and PG, appears to be complex and dependent on context and concentration.…”