Estrada, Emilio

Espinoza, Florencio Delgado

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_2608-1

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…A partir de la década de los 30 del siglo pasado, los arqueólogos ecuatorianos Jacinto Jijón (1997) y Emilio Estrada (1957Estrada ( & 1962 conseguirán definir los rasgos principales de la cultura y su marco territorial, con especial atención en la provincia de Manabí y la Península de Santa Elena donde concentran el grueso de sus trabajos. Al mismo tiempo, Estrada empleará por primera vez la datación radiocarbónica en Ecuador (Meggers, Evans & Estrada, 1965;Delgado-Espinoza, 2018).…”

Section: La Cultura Manteña-huancavilca: Principales Elementos Caracterizadoresunclassified

Espacios agrarios, asentamientos prehispánicos y tecnología LiDAR en el área costera central del Ecuador

Priego

Olmo-Enciso

Labrada-Ochoa³

et al. 2021

Virtual archaeol. rev.

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The use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology has revolutionised pre-Hispanic archaeology in large tracts of Central America (Canuto et. al. 2018; Fisher et al. 2016; Garrison et al. 2019; Chase & Weishampel, 2016). This contribution is particularly significant in areas in which jungles and a complex orography had precluded the implementation of large-scale landscape archaeology studies.Although this technology has not been used in South America as intensively as in Central America (Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras, among others), LiDAR is beginning to be used to answer questions concerning the interaction between the landscape, pre-Hispanic societies and their economic exploitation strategies (Amazonia, Peru) (Van Valkenburg et al., 2020). This work analyses one of the most important archaeological areas in central Ecuador, Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo (Figs. 1 & 2), which has traditionally been identified as a major centre of the Manteña culture. This culture spanned the current provinces of Manabí, Santa Elena and Guayas between the 8th and 15th centuries AD.Although the site was discovered in the early 20th century (Saville, 1907 & 1910; Estrada, 1957) on the slopes and summits of the Chongón-Colonche and Balzar hills range (formerly called Sierra de Bálsamo), it has not been until recent moments that the characterization of its extension, its spatial conformation, as well as the main geoarchaeological characteristics of the site have begun to be possible (López, 2008; Delgado, 2009; Tobar, 2012; Lunniss, 2012; Veintimilla-Bustamante, 2012). The limitations of previous studies were largely due to the prevalence of thick sub-tropical forests, whose trees are sometimes 14 m tall.In 2016, a large-scale LiDAR flight covering 147.78 km² at a density of 9 ppm² has revealed the main features of the archaeological complex, including various sites that illustrate a multi-nuclear settlement pattern (Figs. 5, 8 & 10). The study suggests that settlements, between 0.5 and 3 ha in size (Fig. 8), followed a common pattern, standing on small long hilltop plateaus. The complexes were visually connected and were linked by a road network.There is little doubt that one of the most important discoveries concerns the relationship between archaeological sites and complex agrarian systems, which point to the exploitation of wide areas. These had irrigation systems that involved rainwater retention and water resources maximisation (Figs. 6 & 8). The system made intensive rainwater use during the humid season (December-May); it also took advantage of the coastal mists that ensure precipitations on the hilltops.At the same time, the LiDAR survey has established differences between the settlement pattern in the north-eastern sector, in which the interaction between settlements and the agro-system is not so obvious, and the south-western sector, whose settlements are clearly related to wide terraced systems.These results will allow for comparisons between Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo and other known Manteño sites, such as Japotó (Bouchard, 2010), Agua Blanca (McEwan & Silva, 1992) and Ligüiqui. All of them point to the continued occupation of the same areas, and the continuity of some sites at least between the Guangala period (500 BC.-600 AD) and the late Manteño period (12th-15th centuries), as seen in Salango and its territory (Béarez, Gay & Lunniss, 2012).Most research in the 20th century has argued for an increase in social complexity during the classic Manteño period (8th-11th centuries), following a diffusionist explanatory pattern (Estrada, 1957). However, the LiDAR analysis of the Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo site points to prolonged periods of stable management of the environment, a response to the need to make use of the available resources. Archaeology, through large-scale landscape studies and the in-depth characterisation of sites through wide-ranging sampling methodologies can contribute to answering the question as to whether environmental management led to the formation of a “Manteño state” or whether this society can be better defined as a chiefdom (Touchard-Houlbert, 2010).Highlights:<ul><li>The study focused on the LiDAR research of the Cerro de Hojas-Jaboncillo, the most important pre-Hispanic site in the Manabi province (Ecuador).</li><li>LiDAR technology has allowed users to identify an intense occupation in a forest area, where until now, it was impossible to detect archaeological structures.</li><li>The study has established the close relationship between the pre-Hispanic occupation model and the use of complex irrigation systems.</li></ul>

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Section: La Cultura Manteña-huancavilca: Principales Elementos Caracterizadoresunclassified

Espacios agrarios, asentamientos prehispánicos y tecnología LiDAR en el área costera central del Ecuador

Priego

Olmo-Enciso

Labrada-Ochoa³

et al. 2021

Virtual archaeol. rev.

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“…613 Así, señala que aunque este enunciado parezca "trivial y obvio (…) su aplicación, como principio para el conocimiento de la realidad y para la resolución de problemas, implica acciones muy distintas a los mecanismos tradicionales, y en muchos casos puede estar en contraposición con el 'sentido común' o las respuestas y soluciones 'obvias' a los problemas." 614 El pensamiento sistémico, como afirman O'Connor y Mc Dermott (1988), entendido como "la capacidad del ser humano para reconocer y aplicar los principios sistémicos de la realimentación, las propiedades emergentes y el pensamiento circular" no es nuevo, pues algunos de sus principales hitos han coexistido con el paradigma lineal predominante, aunque su importancia, desde un punto de vista sistémico, haya pasado prácticamente inadvertida durante gran parte de la historia de la humanidad. Desde el S.III a.c., Ktesibios creó un reloj capaz de autorregularse, es decir, hizo uso de las propiedades básicas que comprenden los sistemas.…”

Section: Pensamiento Sistémicounclassified

Afrontar los asuntos globales : fundamentación teórica y propuesta metodológica para la creación de alianzas estratégicas entre organizaciones de la sociedad civil

Rocuts¹

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This research aims to contribute to the integral management of Global Issues. Topics whose complexity and magnitude is so high that affect all humanity, they are long-term issues and cannot be solved by one sole nation. They cannot be approached from a sectorial or separated analysis since their subject area is intrinsically multidisciplinary. Therefore, it is necessary to establish agreements and global regulations, as well as joint actions between multiple stakeholders, to confront them. To understand these issues at a full extent, the author underlies theoretical bases and uses the framework of Globalization, Governance and Sustainability processes as key references. The research focuses especially on Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) when tackling and managing Global Issues. It also deepens into identifying key elements needed to influence the capabilities to work together. The works stresses that strategic alliances are one of the best ways to achieve the goals and get results. The effectiveness of the stakeholders/actors involved may be even greater if the organization mechanisms are strong, it maintains its own autonomy and identity, and it is able to ally with other organizations to achieve common objectives. To this end, this research provides an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that allows laying the foundation for developing Strategic Alliances between CSOs, together with United Nations bases. The study proposes a methodological approach oriented to enhance the Governance of Global Issues. It promotes strategic alliances, mainly, among several Civil Society Organizations. The methodology comprises three major processes: the political process (linked to the Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue on Governance) Analysis and Research Process (with research, evaluation and multidimensional analysis) and the Intervention Process (which includes Integrated Strategic Planning, modelling, and Informed Decision Making). Finally, the author develops a case study to apply the methodology. The results proof that the proposal is viable and that there is a significant proportion CSOs keen on participating in global, cross-thematic processes contributing with their ideas and proposals. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo contribuir a la gestión integral de los Asuntos Globales (Global Issues), aquellos temas cuya complejidad y magnitud es tan elevada que afectan a toda la Humanidad, son persistentes a largo plazo y no pueden ser resueltos por una sola nación. Tampoco pueden ser abordados desde un análisis sectorial o compartimentado, pues su ámbito temático es multidisciplinar. Por ello, son necesarios acuerdos y regulaciones globales, además de acciones conjuntas entre múltiples stakeholders, para poder afrontarlos. Para ayudar a comprenderlos en toda su amplitud, la autora los fundamenta teóricamente, enmarcándolos en los procesos de Globalización, Gobernanza y Sostenibilidad. A la hora de gestionar y afrontar los Asuntos Globales, la investigación se focaliza especialmente en las Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil (OSC). También profundiza en la identificación de los principales elementos que condicionan sus capacidades para el trabajo conjunto. Se comprueba que las Alianzas estratégicas son una de las mejores vías para concretar los objetivos y conseguir resultados. La eficacia de los actores participantes puede ser aún mayor si se cuenta con mecanismos sólidos para que cada organización, manteniendo su propia autonomía e identidad, pueda aliarse con otras organizaciones a fin de lograr objetivos convergentes. Para ello, esta investigación aporta un cuerpo teórico multidisciplinar que permite sentar las bases para desarrollar Alianzas Estratégicas entre OSC, con el cimiento de las Naciones Unidas. La investigación plantea una propuesta metodológica orientada a la Gobernanza de los Asuntos Globales, promoviendo la creación de alianzas estratégicas entre, principalmente, diversas Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil. La metodología consta de tres grandes procesos fundamentales: El Proceso Político (vinculado con el Diálogo Multistakeholder para la Gobernanza); el Proceso de Análisis e Investigación (con la investigación, la evaluación y el análisis multidimensional); y El Proceso de Intervención (que comprende la Planificación Estratégica Integrada, la Creación de Modelos, y la Toma de Decisiones Informada). Finalmente, la autora desarrolla un caso de aplicación de la metodología, comprobando que ésta es viable y que existe una proporción importante de OSC abiertas a participar en este tipo de procesos globales, multitemáticos y multisectoriales, aportando sus ideas y propuestas

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Estrada, Emilio

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Espacios agrarios, asentamientos prehispánicos y tecnología LiDAR en el área costera central del Ecuador

Espacios agrarios, asentamientos prehispánicos y tecnología LiDAR en el área costera central del Ecuador

Afrontar los asuntos globales : fundamentación teórica y propuesta metodológica para la creación de alianzas estratégicas entre organizaciones de la sociedad civil

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