“…Given the very high computational cost of 3D FEM simulations, accurate tridimensional results on fatigue cracks have only be developed in the last 10 years or so. 26,27,29,30 Thorough validation of 3D FEM results is still lacking since most 3D simulations have either not been experimentally validated [44][45][46][47][48][49] or the validation has been based on limited surface information. 22,[26][27][28]50 On the other hand, synchrotron X-ray radiation has been used to infer some crack properties in the bulk 35,37,38,51,52 but no direct measurement of the crack tip plastic zone has yet been achieved.…”