Estimation of Vitamin K Content and Its Sources in the Diet of the Polish Participants of the PURE Study

Abstract

The aim of the study was to estimate the content of K1, K2 (MK-n) as well as total K vitamins and their sources in the diets of 1985 PURE Poland study participants based on the FFQ questionnaire. Due to the pleiotropic effect of K vitamins, it is important to know their food sources depending on different eating habits. Total vitamin K in the diets amounted to 331.1 ± 151.5 µg/d and 358.6 ± 181.0 µg/d for men and women, respectively. Dietary patterns (DPs) were identified in the study group, and the relationship between them and vitamin K intake was assessed. The proportion of dominant products as sources of vitamin K in the fourth quartile of each of the three identified DPs did not change significantly compared to the proportion of these products as sources of vitamin K in all subjects. In the fourth quartile of individual DPs, vitamin K1 came mainly from vegetables (56.5–76.8%); K2 mainly from processed meat and high-fat cheese and cream (70.1–77.6%); and total K mainly from vegetables and processed meat (57.6–67.8%). Intakes of K vitamins were high and similar in terms of predominant vitamin K provider products, in groups of subjects whose diets were most consistent with the particular DP. In the absence of global findings on the most appropriate dietary content of MK-n vitamins other than phylloquinone, the estimated high content of these vitamins in the diets of the subjects compared with other nations suggests that their level in diets was satisfactory. Future studies should aim to determine the need for MK-n vitamins in terms of fulfilling all their functions in the body.

Roles of vitamin K‑dependent protein in biomineralization (Review)

“…For instance, MK-4, converted from VK, interacts with the cell surface VK-binding nuclear receptor steroid and xenobiotic receptor to improve bone quality. In addition, VK exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and antioxidant effects by blocking the production of reactive oxygen species ( 21 ). A recent study reported that reduced forms of VK, including menadione and chloroquinone, are potent anti-ferroptosis agents ( 22 ).…”

The role of epidemiological research in public health using the PURE Poland study as an example

“…The main research directions in the analyses of the data collected in the Polish PURE cohort during the longterm follow-up period focused on dietary factors [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], the effect of CETP and PLTP protein activity on lipid disorders [17,18], overweight and obesity [19][20][21][22], atti- tudes toward tobacco smoking [23][24][25][26], alcohol consumption [27], sleep [28], quality of life [29], prevalence and determinants of hypertension [30,31], and carbohydrate metabolism disorders [32][33][34][35][36].…”

Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of the Effect of Treatment with Vitamin K2 on Vascular Calcification in Hemodialysis Patients (Trevasc-HDK)

“… 14 , 15 Patients on maintenance HD may have vitamin K deficiency of varying degrees because of dietary modifications needed to restrict dietary potassium and phosphorus intake. 16 , 17 Vitamin K deficiency can be estimated by measuring dp-ucMGP, 18 and studies have demonstrated that oral vitamin K supplementation increases carboxylation of MGP and lowers plasma dp-ucMGP. 19 We hypothesized that oral menaquinone-7 (MK-7) will enhance carboxylation of MGP, lower levels of dp-ucMGP and therefore reduce CAC in the HD population.…”