Estimation of tsetse challenge and its relationship with trypanosomosis incidence in cattle kept under pastoral production systems in Kenya

Bett, Bernard K.; Irungu, Patrick; Nyamwaro, Sospeter S.; Murilla, Grace; Kitala, P.; Gathuma, J M; Randolph, Thomas F.; McDermott, John J.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.05.028

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The dry season on the Jos Plateau is associated with low humidity and high temperatures both of which have direct negative effects on tsetse population growth [36-38]. Tsetse correlations with trypanosomiasis prevalence are also dependent on dispersal and such harsh climatic conditions limit tsetse dispersal by forcing flies to congregate in gallery forests where temperatures are lower, humidity higher and there is abundant shade.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social factors affecting seasonal variation in bovine trypanosomiasis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria

et al. 2013

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BackgroundAfrican Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a widespread disease of livestock in Nigeria and presents a major constraint to rural economic development. The Jos Plateau was considered free from tsetse flies and the trypanosomes they transmit due to its high altitude and this trypanosomiasis free status attracted large numbers of cattle-keeping pastoralists to the area. The Jos Plateau now plays a major role in the national cattle industry in Nigeria, accommodating approximately 7% of the national herd, supporting 300,000 pastoralists and over one million cattle. During the past two decades tsetse flies have invaded the Jos Plateau and animal trypanosomiasis has become a significant problem for livestock keepers. Here we investigate the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis as a re-emerging disease on the Plateau, examining the social factors that influence prevalence and seasonal variation of bovine trypanosomiasis.MethodsIn 2008 a longitudinal two-stage cluster survey was undertaken on the Jos Plateau. Cattle were sampled in the dry, early wet and late wet seasons. Parasite identification was undertaken using species-specific polymerase chain reactions to determine the prevalence and distribution of bovine trypanosomiasis. Participatory rural appraisal was also conducted to determine knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning animal husbandry and disease control.ResultsSignificant seasonal variation between the dry season and late wet season was recorded across the Jos Plateau, consistent with expected variation in tsetse populations. However, marked seasonal variations were also observed at village level to create 3 distinct groups: Group 1 in which 50% of villages followed the general pattern of low prevalence in the dry season and high prevalence in the wet season; Group 2 in which 16.7% of villages showed no seasonal variation and Group 3 in which 33.3% of villages showed greater disease prevalence in the dry season than in the wet season.ConclusionsThere was high seasonal variation at the village level determined by management as well as climatic factors. The growing influence of management factors on the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis highlights the impact of recent changes in land use and natural resource competition on animal husbandry decisions in the extensive pastoral production system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social factors affecting seasonal variation in bovine trypanosomiasis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria

et al. 2013

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“…Although savannah flies are known to feed on both livestock and wildlife hosts [34,55], few studies have looked specifically at feeding patterns in areas where both are present. At two sites in Kenya where both wildlife and livestock were present, Bett et al reported that 16% of G. pallidipes feeds identified at Nguruman and 58% at Nkineji came from livestock, with the rest from wildlife [56] but the absence of data on the relative abundance of wildlife and livestock at these two sites makes it is difficult to draw more general conclusions about tsetse choice.…”

Section: Host Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission Dynamics of Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness at the Interface of Wildlife and Livestock Areas

Auty¹,

Morrison

Torr

et al. 2016

Trends in Parasitology

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Many wilderness areas of East and Southern Africa are foci for Rhodesian sleeping sickness, a fatal zoonotic disease caused by trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies. Although transmission in these foci is traditionally driven by wildlife reservoirs, rising human and livestock populations may increase the role of livestock in transmission cycles. Deciphering transmission dynamics at wildlife and livestock interface areas is key to developing appropriate control. Data are lacking for key parameters, including host distributions, tsetse density, and mortality rates, and the relative roles of livestock and wildlife as hosts in fragmented habitats, limiting the development of meaningful models to assist in the assessment and implementation of control strategies.

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“…More recent attempts to map tsetse distributions have implemented spatial modeling techniques, which have succeeded in producing maps with both higher spatial resolutions than the fly belt maps, and estimates on the probability of tsetse presence (e.g., Rogers and Williams 1994, Gilbert et al 2001, Wint 2001. Although an improvement over the fly belt maps, the modeled predictions thus far have provided little information about intra-and inter-annual fluctuations in tsetse distributions, despite numerous studies that discuss such phenomenon (e.g., Austen and Hegh 1922, Nash 1933, Bursell 1956, Brightwell et al 1992, Hargrove 2001, Odulaja et al 2001, Bett et al 2008.…”

Section: African Trypanosomiasis and The Tsetse Flymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fly belts, although useful in delineating where tsetse were historically found, do not account for seasonal variation in tsetse distributions. All other tsetse models predict tsetse distributions at a particular moment in time despite numerous studies that discuss the seasonal expansion and contraction of tsetse populations (e.g., Austen and Hegh 1922, Nash 1933, Bursell 1956, Brightwell et al 1992, Hargrove 2001, Odulaja et al 2001, Bett et al 2008. Since tsetse distributions fluctuate over space and time, a dynamic realized niche/species distribution model that predicts when and where fly reservoirs occur will be useful to control operations for many reasons including: 1) reductions in cost by focusing on smaller areas identified as reservoirs and refugia; 2) improved ability of control efforts to target flies; and 3) operating in small reservoirs/refugia minimizes the environmental impacts associated with control campaigns.…”

Section: Trypanosomiasis Tsetse and The Ted Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A dynamic species distribution model of Glossina subgenus Morsitans: The identification of tsetse reservoirs and refugia

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Tsetse flies are the primary vector for African trypanosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects both humans and livestock across the continent of Africa. In 1973 tsetse were estimated to inhabit 22% of Kenya; by 1996 that number had risen to roughly 34%. Efforts to control the disease are hampered by a lack of information and costs associated with the identification of infested areas. To aid control efforts we have constructed the Tsetse Ecological Distribution Model (TED Model). The TED Model is a raster based dynamic species distribution model that predicts tsetse distributions at 250 m spatial resolution, based on habitat suitability and fly movement rates, at 16-day intervals. Although the TED Model can be parameterized to any tsetse subgenus/species requirements, for the purpose of this study the TED Model was parameterized to identify suitable habitat for Glossina subgenus Morsitans. Using the TED Model we have identified where and when Glossina subgenus Morsitans populations should be constrained by unfavorable ecological conditions to particular parcels of suitable habitat. It is our hope that by utilizing the predicted locations of tsetse reservoirs and refugia, control efforts will be better able to target tsetse populations when they are spatially constrained, thus maximizing limited available resources.

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Estimation of tsetse challenge and its relationship with trypanosomosis incidence in cattle kept under pastoral production systems in Kenya

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Social factors affecting seasonal variation in bovine trypanosomiasis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria

Social factors affecting seasonal variation in bovine trypanosomiasis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria

Transmission Dynamics of Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness at the Interface of Wildlife and Livestock Areas

A dynamic species distribution model of Glossina subgenus Morsitans: The identification of tsetse reservoirs and refugia

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