Estimation of toxic elements in the samples of different cigarettes and their impact on human health of Irish hypertensive consumers

Abstract

Background: Cigarette smoking interferes with the metal homeostasis of the human body, which plays a crucial role for maintaining the health. A significant flux of heavy metals, among other toxins, reaches the lungs through smoking. In the present study, the relationship between toxic element (TE) exposure via cigarette smoking and hypertension incidence in population living in Dublin, Ireland is investigated. Methods: The different brands of cigarette (filler tobacco, filter and ash) consumed by the studied population were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). The concentrations of TEs in biological samples and different components of cigarette were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology were checked using certified reference materials. Results: The filler tobacco of different branded cigarettes contains Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations in the ranges of 1.73-2.02, 0.715-1.52 and 0378-1.16 pg/cigarette, respectively. The results of this study showed that the mean values of Cd, Ni and Pb were significantly higher in scalp hair and blood samples of hypertensive patients in relation to healthy controls, while the difference was significant in the case of smoker patients (p < 0.001). The levels of all the three TEs were 2-3 folds higher in scalp hair and blood samples of non-hypertensive smoker subjects as compared to nonsmoker controls. Conclusion: The high exposure of toxic metals as a result of cigarette smoking may be synergistic with risk factors associated with hypertension.

Cigarette butts abundance and association of mercury and lead along the Persian Gulf beach: an initial investigation

“…Wang et al (2007) also reported Hg contents in cigarette filters ranged from 0.002 to 0.051 mg/kg (Wang et al 2007). Afridi et al (2013) found the level of Pb in filler tobacco of different cigarettes in the range from 0.67 to 1.67 μg/g, while Massadeh et al (2005) reported a range from 2.10 to 3.23 μg/g for the Pb content of cigarette tobacco.…”

Distribución del contenido de cadmio en los diferentes componentes de cigarrillos comercializados en Venezuela después de fumados

“…Basados en los datos obtenidos en las diferentes marcas estudiadas, se podría estimar el contenido total de Cd que pasa al humo principal y/o lateral, mediante la diferencia entre el contenido total de Cd obtenido en el tabaco para cada muestra estudiada y la sumatoria del metal presente en las cenizas y filtros después de fumados para cada método, según la ecuación propuesta por Afridi y cols. [8] y Kazi y cols. [28], tal como se muestra en la Tabla 2.…”

“…UU como carcinógeno de categoría 1 [1-3]. Asimismo, este metal se ha asociado al desarrollo de importantes patologías como insuficiencia renal y hepática [4,5], alteraciones en el desarrollo neurológico [6], enfermedades cardiovasculares [7][8][9][10] y respiratorias [11][12][13].…”

“…En los diferentes estudios han estimado que alrededor del 15-30% del Cd contenido en el cigarrillo queda en las cenizas [8,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32], otra porción entre 1,6-20% queda retenido por el filtro del cigarrillo [8,16,28,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36] y aproximadamente 40-70% pasa al humo [8,16,[26][27][28]30,31,33].…”

Ion Imprinted Polymer for Preconcentration and Determination of Ultra-Trace Cadmium, Employing Flow Injection Analysis with Thermo Spray Flame Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

“…The stability constant for complex Ni(DMG) 2 is logb 1 ¼ 11.16, the stoichiometry of the complex is 1:2. 36 If the samples assessed in this work have a concentration below the critical proportion of one-fifth, 7,[37][38][39] then the use of the complexant was not needed . The accuracy studies (see below) confirmed this statement.…”