Estimation of Thickness of Liquefied Layer From Sand Boiling Pattern

Yamaguchi, Akira; Yoshida, Nozomu; Tobita, Yoshio

doi:10.2208/jscejc.64.79

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 6 publications

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“…Experiments for the situation in which a permeability barrier exists have also been conducted to study the formation process of water film and sand boils. In these studies, a one-dimensional tube test, to which an instant shock is applied (Kokusho 1999;Kokusho and Kojima 2002), or horizontal shake tables (Kokusho 1999;Yamaguchi et al 2008) were used. Experiments more closely simulating natural conditions have also shown that a variety of structures can form as a consequence of shaking (Moretti et al 1999).…”

Section: Manga and Wang 2007)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shaking conditions required for flame structure formation in a water-immersed granular medium

Yasuda

Sumita

2014

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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Flame structures found in sedimentary rocks may have formed from liquefaction and gravitational instability when the sediments were still unconsolidated and were subject to shaking caused by earthquakes. However, the details of the process that leads to the formation of the flame structure, and the conditions required for the instability to initiate and grow remain unclear. Here, we conduct a series of small-scale laboratory experiments by vertically shaking a case containing a water-immersed layered granular medium. The upper granular layer consists of finer particles and forms a permeability barrier against the interstitial water which percolates upwards. We shake the case sinusoidally at different combinations of acceleration and frequency. We find that there is a critical acceleration above which the instability develops at the two-layer interface. This is because the upward percolating water temporarily accumulates beneath the permeability barrier. For larger acceleration, the instability grows faster and the plumes grow to form a flame structure, which however do not completely penetrate through the upper layer. We classify the experimental results according to the final amplitude of the instability and construct a regime diagram in the parameter space of acceleration and frequency. We find that above a critical acceleration, the instability grows and its amplitude increases. Moreover, we find that the critical acceleration is frequency dependent and is smallest at approximately 100 Hz. The frequency dependence of the critical acceleration can be interpreted from the combined conditions of energy and jerk (i.e., the time derivative of acceleration) of shaking, exceeding their respective critical values. These results suggest that flame structures observed in sedimentary rocks may be used to constrain the shaking conditions of past earthquakes.

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Section: Manga and Wang 2007)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shaking conditions required for flame structure formation in a water-immersed granular medium

Yasuda

Sumita

2014

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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Damage to Barley Caused by the Boiling Sand and Wet Injury in Paddy Field in Ibaraki-prefecture After the Great East Japan Earthquake

Oyanagi

Kawaguchi

Murakami

2012

Japanese journal of crop science

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NARO Tohoku Agr. Res. Cent.) Abstract : The Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011 caused damage to barley in a paddy field in Inashiki-city, Ibarakiprefecture. There were 96 spots of boiling sand in the field. The area of boiling sand was 252 m 2 in total and it corresponded to 12.6% of the 20 a field. The boiling sand showed a pH ranging from 3.7 to 5.4 and EC from 0.12 to 0.52 mS / cm. The difference in levels became 267 mm in this field. Pool appeared and barley was damaged by wet injury in a hollow place. Barley can grow on the boiling sand with pH adjustment in the pot experiments. It is considered that leveling and pH adjustment allow conduce for succeeding cropping in such fields.

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