Estimation of the Vehicle Speed Using Cross-Correlation Algorithms and MEMS Wireless Sensors

Zhang, Cheng; Shen, Shihui; Huang, Hai; Wang, Linbing

doi:10.3390/s21051721

Cited by 27 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…The GCC algorithm is whitened and pre-weighted in the frequency domain to enhance the suppression of noise interference. The weighting process of the Smoothed Coherent Transform (SCOT) [ 42 ] has a significant suppression effect on noise and is widely used for accurate time delay estimation. The SCOT weighting function is essentially an improvement on the ROTH weighting function [ 17 ], which is expressed as follows:

where G x 1 x 1 ( ω ) and G x 2 x 2 ( ω ) are the self-power spectra of transmitted and received signals, respectively.…”

Section: Principle Of Acoustic Ranging and Thermometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Time-of-Flight Estimation Method for Acoustic Ranging and Thermometry Based on Digital Lock-In Filtering

Liu

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Accurate ranging and real-time temperature monitoring are essential for metrology and safety in electrical conduit applications. This paper proposes an acoustic time-of-flight (TOF) estimation method based on the digital lock-in filtering (DLF) technique for conduit ranging and thermometry. The method establishes the relationship between the frequency and the time domain by applying a linear frequency modulated Chirp signal as the sound source and using the DLF technique to extract the first harmonic of the characteristic frequencies of the transmitted and received signals. Acoustic TOF estimation in the conduit is then achieved by calculating the mathematical expectation of the time difference between each characteristic frequency in the time-frequency relationship of the two signals. The experimental results with enhanced noise interference on different conduit lengths and various temperature conditions, proved that the proposed DLF method can establish a robust linear time-frequency relationship according to the characteristics of the Chirp signal, and the measurement accuracy of TOF has also been confirmed. Compared to the conventional method, the DLF method provides the lowest absolute error and standard deviation for both distance and temperature measurements with an enhanced robustness.

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where G x 1 x 1 ( ω ) and G x 2 x 2 ( ω ) are the self-power spectra of transmitted and received signals, respectively.…”

Section: Principle Of Acoustic Ranging and Thermometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Time-of-Flight Estimation Method for Acoustic Ranging and Thermometry Based on Digital Lock-In Filtering

Liu

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2022

Sensors

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show abstract

“…The cross-correlation function describes the degree of correlation between two random signals ( ) x t and ( ) y t at any two different moments 1 t and 2 t , which is defined as Heydari, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021). In this experiment, according to the cross-correlation function between the received signal and the local signal, the time delay estimation of the local sequences and the received sequence can be obtained.…”

Section: Time Delay Estimation Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communication and ranging composite system based on parallel combinatory spread spectrum technology

Hou¹,

Guo²,

Hou³

2022

IJWMC

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The communication and ranging composite system can realise information transmission and distance measurement at the same time, which reduces the complexity of the system and expands the application scope. In order to improve the communication rate and the time delay estimation accuracy in low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of the composite system, the Parallel Combinatory Spread Spectrum (PCSS) technology is applied, and the mW composite sequence is used as the spread spectrum sequence, and the improved generalised crosscorrelation algorithm is adopted. The algorithm performs exponential calculation on the correlation function, then the correlation function obtained by inverse Fourier transform is performed as a high power operation, and finally performs the time delay estimation. The simulation results show that the improved communication and ranging composite system improves the information transmission rate and has better time delay estimation performance. The proposed system can accomplish ranging and communication tasks more effectively.

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“…Compared with the widespread use of SmartRock in the railway industry, the application of SmartRock in asphalt mixtures during compaction is still in the exploratory stage. Limited by the maximum particle size of the asphalt mixture, the researchers reduced the size of the SmartRock [20][21][22][23][24][25]. Wang et al [20] employed a SmartRock embedded into a cold mix asphalt mixture specimen during gyratory compaction to record the aggregate's movement posture change data, and the results of comparing the different SmartRocks' embedded positions demonstrated that the stable-stage characteristics were more prominent when the SmartRock was embedded in the specimen center.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SmartRock-Based Research on Gyratory Locking Point for Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixture

Cheng

Xie

et al. 2022

Buildings

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For gyratory compaction, the concept of the locking point was initially developed to identify the compactability of asphalt mixes and to alleviate potential aggregate crushing in the mold. Most previous studies on the locking point were based on specimens’ height change. Recent studies have indicated that the gyratory locking point of cold mix asphalt mixtures could be determined by the rotation angle range indicator using SmartRock. However, height or rotation angle change ultimately reflects a change in volume. Additionally, there is no clear physical and mechanical connection between the volume change and the gyratory locking point. In this paper, a stone mastic asphalt mixture (SMA 13) was selected for gyratory compaction applying various compaction temperatures. The compaction data were recorded by a SmartRock embedded in different positions. Collected data included stress, rotation angle, and acceleration. The major findings are as follows: (1) the specimen’s locking point could be determined based on a representative stress value when the SmartRock was embedded in the specimen’s center, and the results are close to the traditional evaluation results (LP3 or LP2-2-3); (2) the representative rotation angle value reached a plateau earlier than the representative stress value; (3) the representative acceleration value is not suitable for characterizing the interlocking process during gyratory compaction.

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Estimation of the Vehicle Speed Using Cross-Correlation Algorithms and MEMS Wireless Sensors

Cited by 27 publications

References 23 publications

A Time-of-Flight Estimation Method for Acoustic Ranging and Thermometry Based on Digital Lock-In Filtering

A Time-of-Flight Estimation Method for Acoustic Ranging and Thermometry Based on Digital Lock-In Filtering

Communication and ranging composite system based on parallel combinatory spread spectrum technology

SmartRock-Based Research on Gyratory Locking Point for Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixture

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