Estimation of the Potential Adoption of Aflasafe Among Smallholder Maize Farmers in Lower Eastern Kenya

Marechera, George; Ndwiga, Joseph

doi:10.22004/ag.econ.200589

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Consequently, the food is sold to consumers with low incomes, which results in lower profits (Imade et al, 2021). This is a common occurrence in most African counties (Marechera and Ndwiga, 2015). Considering these economic impacts and the fact that mycotoxins can be harmful even at low doses, it is critical to develop sensitive, effective, and rapid analytical methods for their determination, especially those that can simultaneously analyze multiple mycotoxins in food.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method for determination of multiple mycotoxins in maize and sorghum from Botswana

Mbisana,

Rebagamang,

Mogopodi

et al. 2023

Front. Fungal Biol.

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Climatic conditions such as drought, high temperatures, and pre-harvest rainfalls promote the occurrence of mycotoxins in grains. Contamination of staple food sources such as maize and sorghum means that many populations are at risk of being poisoned by mycotoxins. Hence the need for sensitive methods for their simultaneous analysis. Herein, a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of ten mycotoxins in maize and sorghum is presented. The QuEChERS extraction procedure was optimized to maximize extraction recovery and minimize matrix effects while using relatively small quantities of organic solvents and acids. This method was validated according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, and Regulation (EC) no. 401/2006. The developed method met the specified requirements. Recoveries of 80.77% to 109.83% and CVs below 15% were obtained. The correlation coefficient values (R2) were all above 0.98, and low limits of quantification ranging from 0.53 to 89.28 µg/Kg were recorded. The method was applied to 10 maize and 10 sorghum samples collected from markets in Botswana. Half of the samples had detectable mycotoxins, Aflatoxins, Fumonisins, T2-toxin, HT2-toxin, and Zearalenone. Two maize samples had levels of aflatoxin B1 above the maximum permitted level (2.55, 4.07 µg/Kg). These findings point to the necessity of more stringent monitoring of mycotoxins, particularly AFB1 in maize, as well as the value of regular assessment using LC-MS/MS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method for determination of multiple mycotoxins in maize and sorghum from Botswana

Mbisana,

Rebagamang,

Mogopodi

et al. 2023

Front. Fungal Biol.

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“…The first case of AF was reported in 1961 when 16,000 turkeys died from ingesting contaminated feeds while in Kenya an outbreak in humans was reported in 1981 with Machakos, Makueni, and Kitui counties being the worst hit areas (Marechera and Ndwiga, 2015). A more devastating aflatoxin outbreak in Kenya happened in 2004 where 127 lives were lost (Marechera and Ndwiga, 2015). Since 2004, aflatoxin contamination along the maize value chain has been reported almost on a yearly basis (Nkonge, 2016).…”

Section: Aflatoxin In Kenyamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Kenya, a similar predicament always faces the farmers and retailers whenever there is an aflatoxin outbreak. During an AF alert in 2009, for instance, the prices of maize dropped by half from 1800 Kenyan shillings to 900 Kenyan shillings in Kitui County (Marechera and Ndwiga, 2015). Further, at least 2.3 million bags of maize were found unfit for human and livestock consumption or trade during the AF outbreak in the period between 2004 and 2006 (Marechera and Ndwiga, 2015).…”

Section: Aflatoxin Food Security and Socioeconomic Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During an AF alert in 2009, for instance, the prices of maize dropped by half from 1800 Kenyan shillings to 900 Kenyan shillings in Kitui County (Marechera and Ndwiga, 2015). Further, at least 2.3 million bags of maize were found unfit for human and livestock consumption or trade during the AF outbreak in the period between 2004 and 2006 (Marechera and Ndwiga, 2015). This is a clear indication of possible reduced income as a result of AF contamination of agricultural produce.…”

Section: Aflatoxin Food Security and Socioeconomic Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Economic costs of aflatoxin contamination in Meru and Tharaka Nithi counties of Kenya

Githii¹,

Kimani²,

Muchiri³

et al. 2023

J. Agric. Ext. Rural Dev

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Aflatoxin resulting from the consumption of contaminated cereals has always been a concern in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to determine the economic costs of aflatoxin contamination in Meru and Tharaka Nithi counties in Kenya. A multi-stage cluster sampling using the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) design was used to select clusters and households. Once clusters were identified, households were selected from each cluster using a stratified random sampling method. Questionnaires were developed and pretested to determine their validity and reliability. Majority of the surveyed households associated aflatoxin contamination with an increased cost of farming, and lack of market rejection of their products by the market and brokers. Finally, an increased need for veterinary intervention was also associated with contamination. It was therefore concluded that access to the market remains a challenge to most farmers and this can only be corrected if aflatoxin is managed.

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Aflatoxin in Dairy Cows: Toxicity, Occurrence in Feedstuffs and Milk and Dietary Mitigation Strategies

Jiang

Ogunade

Vyas

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens produced by fungi, mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins can contaminate a variety of livestock feeds and cause enormous economic losses, estimated at between US$52.1 and US$1.68 billion annually for the U.S. corn industry alone. In addition, aflatoxin can be transferred from the diet to the milk of cows as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), posing a significant human health hazard. In dairy cows, sheep and goats, chronic exposure to dietary aflatoxin can reduce milk production, impair reproduction and liver function, compromise immune function, and increase susceptibility to diseases; hence, strategies to lower aflatoxin contamination of feeds and to prevent or reduce the transfer of the toxin to milk are required for safeguarding animal and human health and improving the safety of dairy products and profitability of the dairy industry. This article provides an overview of the toxicity of aflatoxin to ruminant livestock, its occurrence in livestock feeds, and the effectiveness of different strategies for preventing and mitigating aflatoxin contamination of feeds.

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Estimation of the Potential Adoption of Aflasafe Among Smallholder Maize Farmers in Lower Eastern Kenya

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Development and validation of a QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method for determination of multiple mycotoxins in maize and sorghum from Botswana

Development and validation of a QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method for determination of multiple mycotoxins in maize and sorghum from Botswana

Economic costs of aflatoxin contamination in Meru and Tharaka Nithi counties of Kenya

Aflatoxin in Dairy Cows: Toxicity, Occurrence in Feedstuffs and Milk and Dietary Mitigation Strategies

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