Estimation of the Lethal Toluene Concentration from the Accidental Death of Painting Workers.

Hobara, Tatsuya; Okuda, Masayuki; Gotoh, Masayuki; Oki, Koichi; Segawa, Hiroyuki; Kunitsugu, Ichiro

doi:10.2486/indhealth.38.228

“…With proper use of these products, and an ever increasing awareness and enforcement of safe practices, only low-vapor concentrations should be produced in the typical home or workplace. On the contrary, dangerously high, acute concentrations can occur in industrial accidents [1][2][3][4] and in cases of voluntary inhalation and inhalant abuse. [5][6][7] The latter is the focus of this mini-review.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Toxicity of Prenatal Exposure to Toluene

Bowen

¹

,

Hannigan

²

2006

AAPS J

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Organic solvents have become ubiquitous in our environment and are essential for industry. Many women of reproductive age are increasingly exposed to solvents such as toluene in occupational settings (ie, long-term, lowconcentration exposures) or through inhalant abuse (eg, episodic, binge exposures to high concentrations). The risk for teratogenic outcome is much less with low to moderate occupational solvent exposure compared with the greater potential for adverse pregnancy outcomes, developmental delays, and neurobehavioral problems in children born to women exposed to high concentrations of abused organic solvents such as toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, xylenes, and nitrous oxide. Yet the teratogenic effects of abuse patterns of exposure to toluene and other inhalants remain understudied. We briefl y review how animal models can aid substantially in clarifying the developmental risk of exposure to solvents for adverse biobehavioral outcomes following abuse patterns of use and in the absence of associated health problems and co-drug abuse (eg, alcohol). Our studies also begin to establish the importance of dose (concentration) and critical perinatal periods of exposure to specifi c outcomes. The present results with our clinically relevant animal model of repeated, brief, high-concentration binge prenatal toluene exposure demonstrate the dose-dependent effect of toluene on prenatal development, early postnatal maturation, spontaneous exploration, and amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. The results imply that abuse patterns of toluene exposure may be more deleterious than typical occupational exposure on fetal development and suggest that animal models are effective in studying the mechanisms and risk factors of organic solvent teratogenicity.

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“…The acute neurotoxic effects of toluene increase in severity from mild headache at low doses (50 ppm) to muscular weakness, nausea, and impaired coordination at high doses (100-200 ppm). 6,7 At 600-800 ppm, confusion, auditory, and visual hal-lucinations, inhibition, and incoordination occur. In chronic abusers, levels of toluene exposure often reach 5000 ppm, 50 times the OHSA PEL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…5 United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for toluene as 100 ppm. 6 However, a second means, intentional toluene exposure, known as "sniffing" or "huffing" remains a popular form of substance abuse. The ready availability, relative low-cost, and ease of use undoubtedly have contributed to the abuse of this substance by children and adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toluene Related Toxic Optic Neuropathy

Gündoğan

¹

,

Görgün

²

,

Öz³

et al. 2009

Neuro-Ophthalmology

1

0

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Toxic optic neuropathy presenting as bilateral painless visual loss causing central or caecocentral scotoma has a wide differential diagnosis. In this report, we present a rare cause of toxic optic neuropathy presenting as almost indistinct optic disc margins in both eyes in a 30-year old man with blurred vision and difficulty in walking and in writing with a history of adhesive glue sniffing. Caecocentral scotomas in the visual fields; increased total error scores on Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100 Hue testing; P 100 reduced amplitude in the pattern visually evoked potentials; and N 95 reduced amplitude in the pattern electroretinogram associated with normal serum electrolytes and vitamin levels suggested acute toxic optic neuropathy related to toluene. Upon cessation of toluene use, the caecocentral scotomas almost disappeared, total error scores in the FM 100 Hue test decreased and visual acuity improved.

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“…The acute neurotoxic effects of toluene increase in severity from mild headache at low doses (50 ppm) to muscular weakness, nausea, and impaired coordination at high doses (100-200 ppm). 6,7 At 600-800 ppm, confusion, auditory, and visual hallucinations, inhibition, and incoordination occur. In chronic abusers, levels of toluene exposure often reach 5000 ppm, 50 times the OHSA PEL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Toluene Related Toxic Optic Neuropathy

Gundogan¹,

Görgün²,

Öz³

et al. 2009

NOPH

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Toxic optic neuropathy presenting as bilateral painless visual loss causing central or caecocentral scotoma has a wide differential diagnosis. In this report, we present a rare cause of toxic optic neuropathy presenting as almost indistinct optic disc margins in both eyes in a 30-year old man with blurred vision and difficulty in walking and in writing with a history of adhesive glue sniffing. Caecocentral scotomas in the visual fields; increased total error scores on Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100 Hue testing; P 100 reduced amplitude in the pattern visually evoked potentials; and N 95 reduced amplitude in the pattern electroretinogram associated with normal serum electrolytes and vitamin levels suggested acute toxic optic neuropathy related to toluene. Upon cessation of toluene use, the caecocentral scotomas almost disappeared, total error scores in the FM 100 Hue test decreased and visual acuity improved.

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Estimation of the Lethal Toluene Concentration from the Accidental Death of Painting Workers.

Cited by 25 publications

References 9 publications

Developmental Toxicity of Prenatal Exposure to Toluene

Developmental Toxicity of Prenatal Exposure to Toluene

Toluene Related Toxic Optic Neuropathy

Toluene Related Toxic Optic Neuropathy

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