Estimation of the Human Blood Index in Malaria Mosquito Vectors in Equatorial Guinea after Indoor Antivector Interventions

Pappa, Vasiliki; Reddy, M. Rami; Overgaard, Hans J.; Abaga, Simón; Caccone, Adalgisa

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0463

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Bovine, goat, dog, and pig blood indices were also calculated in a similar way. Mixed blood meals were included in the calculation of blood meal indices [38].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting behaviour of malaria vectors in a highland and a lowland site of western Kenya: Implication on malaria vector control measures

Machani

Ochomo

Amimo

et al. 2019

Preprint

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33Background: Understanding the interactions between increased insecticide resistance in field 34 malaria vector populations and the subsequent resting behaviour patterns is important for planning 35 adequate vector control measures in a specific context and sustaining the current vector 36 interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate the resting behavior, host preference and 37 infection with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites by malaria vectors in different ecological 38 settings of western Kenya with different levels of insecticide resistance. 39 40 Methods: Indoor and outdoor resting Anopheline mosquitoes were sampled during the dry and 41 rainy seasons in Kisian (lowland site) and Bungoma (highland site), both in western Kenya. WHO 42 tube bioassay was used to determine levels of phenotypic resistance of first generation offspring 43 65 66 Conclusion: The study reports high densities of insecticide -resistant An. gambiae and An. funestus 67 resting indoors and the persistence of malaria transmission indoors with high entomological 68 inoculation rates (EIR) regardless of the use of Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). These 69 findings underline the difficulties of controlling malaria vectors resting and biting indoors using 70 the current interventions. Supplemental vector control tools and implementation of sustainable 71 insecticide resistance management strategies are needed in western Kenya.72 73 74 4 99Malaria vectors have been shown to adapt to changing environment due to either behavioural 100 avoidance or selection of mutations and recombination that favour their survival in the presence 101 of insecticides threatening the efficacy of the current indoor-based vector control tools [5,11] and 102 the resulting increase in residual transmission [12]. Insecticide resistance is common in sub- 103Saharan Africa with some regions reporting resistance to all classes of insecticides [13,14]. In 104 Kenya, the target site and metabolic resistance mechanisms play a major role in pyrethroid 105 resistance [15,16]. The primary malaria vectors in Kenya belong to An. gambiae complex and An. 106 funestus group due to their anthropophilic and endophilic behaviours that makes them be more 107 efficient in malaria transmission [17-19]. With the scale-up of indoor-based vector control tools 108 mosquitoes have changed behaviours; some are biting and resting indoors whilst others have 109 changed to prefer biting bite outdoors. Behavioral modifications including changes in biting time 110 and location [20-22], changes in host choice and shift from endophilic (i.e. resting in houses) to 111 exophilic (i.e. resting outdoors) behavior have been associated with long-term use of insecticide-112 based interventions [23,24]. Insecticide resistance could make mosquitoes respond numerically 113 and behaviorally to alter vector populations as well as resting and feeding behaviors. Knowledge 114 of the resting habits of resistant vectors and their feeding preference may predict the intensity of 115 malaria tran...

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“…Bovine, goat, dog, and pig blood indices were also calculated in a similar way. Mixed blood meals were included in the calculation of blood meal indices [38].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting behaviour of malaria vectors in a highland and a lowland site of western Kenya: Implication on malaria vector control measures

Machani

Ochomo

Amimo

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The human blood index (HBI) and bovine blood index (BBI) were calculated as the proportion of the mosquitoes fed on either human or bovine blood meals out of the total blood meals determined [7]. Mixed (human + bovine) blood meals were added to the number of human and bovine blood meals when calculating the HBI and BBI [14,28]. Cryptic mixed blood meals were not analysed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IRS and LLINs are efficient malaria vector control measures for An. gambiae s.s, which mostly feeds and rests indoors [13,14]. In contrast, An.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood meal origins and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis from Chano in South-West Ethiopia

et al. 2013

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BackgroundAnopheles arabiensis, the main malaria vector in Ethiopia, shows both anthropophilic and zoophilic behaviours. Insecticide resistance is increasing, and alternative methods of vector control are needed. The objectives of this study were to determine the blood meal origins and the susceptibility to insecticides of An. arabiensis from Chano village near Arba Minch in South-West Ethiopia.MethodsBlood meal sources of anopheline mosquitoes collected using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and pyrethrum spray catches (PSC) from human dwellings, and hand-held mouth aspirators from outdoor pit shelters were analysed using a direct enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The susceptibility of An. arabiensis to pyrethroid insecticides (alphacypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, deltamethrin, and cyfluthrin) and DDT was assessed using females reared from larval and pupal collections from natural breeding sites.ResultsThe blood meal origins of 2967 freshly fed Anopheles mosquitoes were determined. An. arabiensis was the predominant species (75%), and it fed mainly on cattle. The densities of both freshly fed An. arabiensis and those fed on human blood followed similar seasonal patterns. The overall human blood index (HBI) of An. arabiensis, including mixed blood meals, was 44% and the bovine blood index (BBI) was 69%. The HBI of An. arabiensis from CDC light trap collections was 75% and this was higher than those for PSC (38%) and outdoor pit shelter collections (13%), while the BBI was 65% for PSC, 68% for outdoor pit shelters and 72% for CDC light traps. More freshly fed and human blood-fed An. arabiensis were sampled from houses close to the shore of Lake Abaya (the major breeding site).A high proportion of An. arabiensis was resistant to the pyrethroid insecticides, with a mortality rate of 56% for lambdacyhalothrin, 50% for cyfluthrin and alphacypermethrin, 47% for deltamethrin, and 10% for DDT.ConclusionAnopheles arabiensis is the predominant species of anopheline mosquito in this region, and cattle are the main source of its blood meals. The greater tendency of this species to feed on cattle justifies the application of insecticides on cattle to control it. However, An. arabiensis has already developed resistance to the available pyrethroid insecticides, and alternative insecticides are needed for malaria vector control.

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“…gambiae were found to be highly anthropophilic, but surprisingly a few mixed human/goat and goat only blood meals were identified in both vectors, which has been infrequently reported. 40,[44][45][46] In Nchelenge District, goats are occasionally kept indoors at night and may serve as an incidental host to indoor foraging An. funestus and An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat Partitioning of Malaria Vectors in Nchelenge District, Zambia

Das

Muleba

Stevenson

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Nchelenge District in Luapula Province, northern Zambia, experiences holoendemic malaria despite implementation of vector control programs. The major Anopheles vectors that contribute to Plasmodium falciparum transmission in this area had not previously been well defined. Three collections performed during the 2012 wet and dry seasons and the 2013 wet season revealed Anopheles funestus sensu stricto and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto as the main vectors, where 80-85% of each collection was composed of An. funestus. Both vectors were found to be highly anthropophilic, and An. funestus has higher sporozoite infection rates (SIRs) and entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) year-round compared with An. gambiae: SIRs of 1.8-3.0% and 0-2.5%, respectively, and EIRs of 3.7-41.5 infectious bites per 6-month period (ib/p/6mo) and 0-5.9 ib/p/6mo, respectively. Spatial and temporal changes in each vector's dynamics and bionomics were also observed. Anopheles funestus was the predominant vector in the villages near Kenani Stream in both wet and dry seasons, whereas An. gambiae was found to be the main vector in areas near Lake Mweru during the wet season. The vector data illustrate the need for broader temporal and spatial sampling in Nchelenge and present unique opportunities to further our understanding of malarial transmission and implications for malarial control in high-risk areas.

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Estimation of the Human Blood Index in Malaria Mosquito Vectors in Equatorial Guinea after Indoor Antivector Interventions

Cited by 33 publications

References 24 publications

Resting behaviour of malaria vectors in a highland and a lowland site of western Kenya: Implication on malaria vector control measures

Resting behaviour of malaria vectors in a highland and a lowland site of western Kenya: Implication on malaria vector control measures

Blood meal origins and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis from Chano in South-West Ethiopia

Habitat Partitioning of Malaria Vectors in Nchelenge District, Zambia

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