Estimation of the Architectural Properties of Cortical Bone Using Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Hasegawa, Yusuke; Schneider, Peter; Reiners, Chr.; Kushida, Kazuhiro; Yamazaki, Kaoru; Hasegawa, Koutaro; Nagano, Akira

doi:10.1007/s001980050004

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…23,24) Previous studies on the femurs of rats and mouse 20,25) has verified that there was a strong correlation between bone strength and BSI (bone strength index), which was the combination of cross-sectional moment of inertia (geometrical property) and BMD. No obvious influence of ovariectomy in short-to mid-term on bone strength in femoral diaphysis could be explained by the following two respects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Short- to Mid-Term Effects of Ovariectomy on Bone Turnover, Bone Mass and Bone Strength in Rats

Zhang

Lai

Leung

et al. 2007

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Osteoporosis (OP) that is associated with ovarian hormone deficiency following menopause is by far the most common cause of age-related bone loss. Postmenopausal osteoporosis (POP) has become a major problem with significant morbidity and mortality.1) Bone loss induced by ovariectomy in rats has been widely used as a model of POP and has been validated as a clinically relevant model of this condition in human.Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) are non-invasive bone densitometry methods used in clinical settings for assessment of bone density as well as the efficacy of treatment for osteoporosis. 2,3) pQCT provides measurement of volumetric bone densities (vBMD, total and cortical bone mineral density) as well as a set of geometric variables including cross-sectional area; while DEXA provides measurements of bone mineral content (BMC) and the area of the scanned region and areal bone mineral density. Although DEXA is one of the most commonly used clinical methods for measurement of bone mass, it is not ideal for use in animal studies and clinical trials due to its inability to distinguish between cancellous and cortical bone 4) and provide limited information regarding bone architecture. 5) In contrast, pQCT is now the method of choice as it can provide vBMD, differentiate cortical and trabecular bone compartments and perform in vivo measurement of histomorphometric parameters like endosteal and periosteal circumferences, total and cross-sectional bone areas. 6)As an alternative to four-point bending testing, three-point bending testing has become more widely used for the evaluation of whole bone strength. Although the two testing modalities are complementary to some extent, when describing the mechanical characteristics of bone, it appears that four-point bending testing has some disadvantages, which requires that the force at each loading point be equal. This requirement is simple to achieve in regularly shaped specimens but difficult to achieve in whole bone tests. 7) Therefore, three-point bending is used more often for measuring the mechanical properties of bones from rodents.The differential responses of bone properties to the mid-to long-term effects of ovariectomy in rats has been widely studied, [8][9][10][11][12][13] and simultaneously efficacy testing of potential chemicals for anti-POP in ovariectomized (OVX) rats was also conducted in a duration of mid-to long time. Previous studies showed that the earliest statistically significant time of cancellous bone loss of rats in the proximal tibial metaphysis (PTM), lumbar vertebral body (LVB) and femoral neck (FN) occurring at 14, 60 and 30 d post ovariectomy, respectively, and the time of 50% bone loss for the PTM was 30-60 d, 8,9) and for LVB and FN was 180-270 d. 10,11) While the earliest changes in cortical bone width and medullary cavity size to be between 90-120 d and to reach a steady state often 180 d or more.12,13) These suggested that influence of ovariectomy on bones showed site-and tim...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Short- to Mid-Term Effects of Ovariectomy on Bone Turnover, Bone Mass and Bone Strength in Rats

Zhang

Lai

Leung

et al. 2007

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…While the influence of age, PTH, and/or menopausal status on Tb and Ct bone and geometric properties in normal weight and overweight population has been reported [13, 21, 22, 26–28], the aim of this study was to determine how obesity influences these parameters in women with a wide range of body weights (BMI 18–57 kg/m 2 ). Our results indicate that obesity is associated with higher Tb and Ct bone parameters, except Ct vBMD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cortical bone is similarly influenced by BMI, age, estradiol, and also by PTH and 25OHD [23, 27, 28, 31]. A decrease in Ct BMD begins in mid-life and is accelerated after menopause [27, 28, 31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity alters cortical and trabecular bone density and geometry in women

et al. 2010

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Summary The goal in this study was to determine the relationship between body mass index and trabecular and cortical bone using quantitative computed tomography. A higher body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with trabecular and cortical bone parameters, and serum parathyroid hormone, and negatively associated with cortical volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D. When BMI is greater than 35 kg/m2, adiposity affects vBMD and may explain the higher fracture risk in this population without low BMD. Introduction The influence of adult obesity on the trabecular and cortical bone, geometry, and strength has not been fully addressed. The goal in this study was to determine the relationship between body mass index and trabecular and cortical bone mass and geometry, over a wide range of body weights. Methods We examined 211 women (25–71 years; BMI 18–57 kg/m2) who were classified into three categories of BMI (kg/m2) including normal-weight (BMI<25), overweight and obese-class I (BMI 25–35) and obese-class II–III (BMI>35), and also by menopausal status. Volumetric bone mineral density (mg/cm3), trabecular, and cortical components as well as geometric characteristics at the 4%, 38%, and 66% from the distal tibia were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and serum was analyzed for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25OHD). Results Higher BMI was associated with greater values of trabecular bone and cortical BMC and area and PTH (r>0.39, p<0.001), but lower cortical vBMD and 25OHD (r>−0.27, p<0.001). When controlling for lower leg muscle area, fat area was inversely associated with cortical vBMD (r=−0.16, p<0.05). Premenopausal obese women with both higher BMI and PTH had lower cortical vBMD (r<−0.40, p<0.001). While age is a predictor for most bone variables, fat mass explains more variance for vBMD, and lean mass and 25OHD explain greater variance in geometric and strength indices (p<0.05). Conclusions Severe obesity (BMI>35) increases trabecular vBMD and in the presence of a higher PTH is associated with a lower cortical vBMD without compromising bone geometry and strength. Whether or not a lower cortical vBMD in obesity influences fracture risk over time needs to be further explored.

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“…10 During growth, increase in areal bone mineral density (aBMD), assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry, results from increase in bone size, which is well correlated with increments in the amount of mineralized tissue contained within the periosteal envelope. [11][12][13] Volumetric BMD (vBMD), determined by high-resolution quantitative computed tomography, allows measurement of cortical thickness, cross-sectional area, polar moment of inertia 14 and elastic modulus, or stiffness. Determination of vBMD provides improved prediction of bone strength over aBMD and bone mineral content (BMC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of estrogen in bone growth and formation: changes at puberty

Singh¹,

Sanyal²,

Chattopadhyay³

2010

CHC

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A high peak bone mass (PBM) at skeletal maturity is a good predictor for lower rate of fracture risks in later life. Growth during puberty contributes significantly to PBM achievement in women and men. The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis has a critical role in pubertal bone growth. There is an increase in GH and IGF-1 levels during puberty; thus, it is assumed that sex steroids contribute to higher GH/IGF-1 action during growth. Recent studies indicate that estrogen increases GH secretion in boys and girls, and the major effect of testosterone on GH secretion is via aromatization to estrogen. Estrogen is pivotal for epiphyseal fusion in young men and women. From studies of individuals with a mutated aromatase gene and a case study of male patient with defective estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α), it is clear that estrogen is indispensable for normal pubertal growth and growth plate fusion. ER-α and estrogen receptor-beta (ER-β) have been localized in growth plate and bone. ER knockout studies have shown that ER-α −/− female mice have reduced linear appendicular growth, while ER-β −/− mice have increased appendicular growth.No such effect is seen in ER-β −/− males; however, repressed growth is seen in ER-α −/− males, resulting in shorter long bones. Thus, ER-β represses longitudinal bone growth in female mice, while it has no function in the regulation of longitudinal bone growth in male mice. These findings indicate that estrogen plays a critical role in skeletal physiology of males as well as females.

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Estimation of the Architectural Properties of Cortical Bone Using Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

Short- to Mid-Term Effects of Ovariectomy on Bone Turnover, Bone Mass and Bone Strength in Rats

Short- to Mid-Term Effects of Ovariectomy on Bone Turnover, Bone Mass and Bone Strength in Rats

Obesity alters cortical and trabecular bone density and geometry in women

The role of estrogen in bone growth and formation: changes at puberty

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