Estimation of Survivorship in Chronic Disease: The “Actuarial” Method

Elveback, Lila R.

doi:10.1080/01621459.1958.10501449

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Survival was determined by actuarial analysis [2], starting with the date of the first TIA. When expected survival is being analyzed, it is for a population of the same age and sex as the sample and is based on the death rates for the Minnesota white population for 1960.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotid and vertebral‐basilar transient ischemic attacks: Effect of anticoagulants, hypertension, and cardiac disorders on survival and stroke occurrence— A population study

Whisnant

Niall

Elveback

1978

Annals of Neurology

182

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A population of 199 patients from Rochester, MN, was followed from the time of their first carotid or vertebral-basilar transient ischemic attack (TIA). Patients treated with anticoagulants had no significant difference in survival from untreated patients. Among patients with carotid TIA who received anticoagulants, the net probability of stroke was slightly but not significantly lower than in untreated patients. The difference favoring treated patients with vertebral-basilar TIA was significant starting at three months. The rate of intracranial hemorrhage was higher higher among all patients receiving anticoagulant treatment than among untreated patients and was significantly higher among those 55 to 74 years old. Almost all the hemorrhages occurred after a year or more of anticoagulant treatment and in patients more than 65 years old. Patients with high diastolic blood pressure had a significantly higher net probability of stroke than did patients with lower blood pressure and those receiving antihypertensive drugs. By implication, treatment of hypertension was effective in preventing stroke in patients with TIA. Linear discriminant analysis and actuarial analysis indicated that diastolic blood pressure and anticoagulant therapy were the only factors that influenced stroke occurrence. There was no suggestion that previous myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, valvular heart disease, cardiac arrhythmia, or congestive heart failure--individually or in combination--influenced the occurrence of stroke or survival.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotid and vertebral‐basilar transient ischemic attacks: Effect of anticoagulants, hypertension, and cardiac disorders on survival and stroke occurrence— A population study

Whisnant

Niall

Elveback

1978

Annals of Neurology

182

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“…Many, but not all, patients with ICA occlusion remain asymptomatic during longterm follow-up. '• ' 3 In one group of patients with ICA occlusion,' the longterm risk of stroke was 3% per year and the relative risk of stroke was greatest in young adults with ICA occlusion. The observed stroke rate for patients age 35 years and older with ICA occlusion was 8 times the expected rate in a normal population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis: longterm prognosis.

Marzewski¹,

Furlan²,

Louis³

et al. 1982

Stroke

175

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Sixty-six patients with greater than or equal to 50% stenosis of an intracranial internal carotid artery (IICA) were followed-up for an average of 3.9 years. Eighteen patients (27.3%) experienced ischemic events; 8 (12.1%) had isolated TIA and 10 (15.2%) a stroke. The observed stroke rate for patients 35 years and older are 13 times the expected infarction rate for a normal population. Patients with tandem extracranial stenosis had a greater risk of stroke than patients with isolated IICA stenosis. Thirty-three patients (50%) died during follow-up and 55% of all deaths were cardiac related. The observed 5 year survival rate was 60% compared to an expected rate of 87%. Patients with IICA stenosis had a higher risk of stroke and death compared to a previously reported referral population with ICA occlusion. IICA stenosis is a marker of extensive cerebrovascular and systemic atherosclerotic disease, especially coronary artery disease.

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“…Based on a Pearl index of 254, the implied life-table first-year pregnancy rate would be 94 percent; actual construction of the life table yields an 89 percent pregnancy rate. 16 We focus here on actuarial life tables in which separate conditional probabilities of failure are calculated for each sub-interval of analysis (Elveback, 1958). Survival probabilities can also be computed non-parametrically, so that the survivor function changes only at the exact times when a "death" is observed (Kaplan and Meier, 1958).…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contraceptive Failure in the United States: A Critical Review of the Literature

Trussell

Kost²

1987

Studies in Family Planning

246

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The overall goal of this paper is to provide for the first time a comprehensive critical review of the literature on contraceptive failure in developed countries, primarily the United States. The first two sections of our paper lay the groundwork for a critical assessment of the extensive body of studies on this subject, by systematically exploring the concepts and measurement of contraceptive efficacy and the methodological pitfalls that snare many investigators and compromise their results. The next two sections focus on results in the literature. First we provide a method-by-method critique of the available studies and then we summarize our conclusions in a single table that provides efficacy information necessary for women and couples to make an informed choice of a method of contraception. We close with a set of substantive observations and also a set of methodological recommendations intended to improve the quality and comparability of findings from future research.

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Estimation of Survivorship in Chronic Disease: The “Actuarial” Method

Cited by 42 publications

References 4 publications

Carotid and vertebral‐basilar transient ischemic attacks: Effect of anticoagulants, hypertension, and cardiac disorders on survival and stroke occurrence— A population study

Carotid and vertebral‐basilar transient ischemic attacks: Effect of anticoagulants, hypertension, and cardiac disorders on survival and stroke occurrence— A population study

Intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis: longterm prognosis.

Contraceptive Failure in the United States: A Critical Review of the Literature

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