Estimation of recoverable resources used in lithium-ion batteries from portable electronic devices in Japan

Managing sustainable E-Waste resilient infrastructure effectively with the introduction of Smart Bin

“…However, they have also led to a concerning increase in electronic waste, which is now accumulating in landfills across the globe. Most of the E-Waste that has been disposed of contains hazardous chemicals such as cadmium, mercury, beryllium, and other substances that can cause severe damage to people and the environment [5][6][7]. The use of mobile devices has experienced rapid growth, particularly in Malaysia, with the advent of internet technology.…”

“…The primary goal of Smart-Bin is to collect smaller gadgets including batteries for recycling purposes. Based on recent studies by [5,6] have shown that reusing and reprocessing batteries can significantly reduce the number of batteries ending up in landfills, preventing the contamination of water and soil by toxic components and metals. The need for sufficient and effective e-waste disposal bins in residential areas, especially around Klang Valley, is crucial in fostering awareness and encouraging proper e-waste management to protect the natural ecosystem.…”

Evolution of cobalt material flow in Japan from 2000 to 2020

“…Security， JOGMEC) [37] 和美国地质调查局 (U.S. Geological Survey， USGS) [44] 。终端产品的表观消费及 其结构数据来自于日本金属与能源安全组织 (JOG-MEC) 和经济产业省自然资源和能源局有色金属供 需统计年鉴 [45] 。全生命周期含钴产品贸易数据源自 联合国贸易商品统计数据库 (UNComtrade) [46] 。含钴 图 1 日本钴资源全生命周期物质流分析框架 系数和含钴产品使用寿命借助文献调研获取 [29,30,35] 年以后， 日本手机、 笔记本电脑和平板等电子产品 销售量不同程度下滑， 导致含钴终端产品表观消费 量总体呈下降趋势 [49] 。日本构建 "氢能社会" ， 选择 了与中国、 美国和欧盟等经济体不同的汽车能源转 型路径， 因此， 相较于其他国家急剧增长的电动汽 车电池消费量 [29] 需求。然而， 由于当前日本钴废弃物管理体系无法 实现对含钴废弃产品的有效回收， 预计目前含钴废 弃产品回收率不足 5%， 远低于中国 [12] 和美国 [34] 矿山的股份， 上游材料的供应渠道趋于多元化 [51,52] 。 然而， 日本对中国含钴材料的依赖却持续增加， 中国 [29] ， 一旦刚果钴矿供应中断将直接对中国钴供 应产链造成严重影响 [28] ； 当前， 中国已成为日本最大 的精炼钴和消费电子电池供应国， 以及第二大电动 汽车电池出口国， 中国钴产业链供应链风险也将传 导并对日本钴产业链供应链产生冲击。②从下游 看， 中日两国含钴终端产品出口均由电动汽车电池 驱动， 且美国和德国是其主要贸易伙伴， 出口格局 高度重叠互相竞争 [32] ； 含钴终端产品制造趋同而消 费却不断分异。在含钴终端产品制造上， 中日两国 均呈现传统应用逐渐被以电动汽车电池为代表的 新兴应用取代的趋势； 在含钴终端产品消费上， 中 国在消费电子产品电池和电动汽车电池拉动下钴 资源消费持续增长 [12]…”

Retrieving Spent Cathodes from Lithium‐Ion Batteries through Flourishing Technologies

“…The direct opening of external cells poses health issues and also environmental concerns around the surrounding. [6,40,41] The most precious cathode electrode comprises active cathode materials, aluminium current collectors, conductive agents, and a polymeric binder. During the pre-treatment process, the spent battery cells are dismantled manually and then discharged through different means of approaches.…”

“…With all beneficiary components, safety issues should also be stressed with environmental concerns as it contains flammable organic solvents which release toxic gasses. [40] The pretreatment process and the recycling of spent cathode from LIBs are shown in Figure 1.…”