“…Currently operational radar (e.g., Sentinel-1) and optical broadband (multispectral) satellites (e.g., Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8) enable the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ( Kang et al, 2020 ) and multispectral image (MSI) ( Zhang et al, 2019a ) openly available on a global scale. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in understanding our environment through remote sensing (RS) images, which is of great benefit to many potential applications such as image classification ( Tuia et al, 2015 , Han et al, 2018 , Srivastava et al, 2019 , Cao et al, 2020a ), object and change detection ( Zhang et al, 2018b , Zhang et al, 2019b , Wu et al, 2019 , Wu et al, 2020 ), mineral exploration ( Gao et al, 2017a , Hong and Zhu, 2018 , Hong et al, 2019b , Yao et al, 2019 ), multi-modality data analysis ( Hong et al, 2019d , Hong et al, 2020a , Hu et al, 2019a , Yang et al, 2019 ), to name a few.…”