Estimation of PCBs Concentrations in Ambient Air Using Pine Needles as a Passive Air Sampler (PAS)

Abstract

Objective: This study was carried out to use pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Methods: PCB concentrations in ambient air (C a , ng/m 3) and deposited on pine needles (C p , ng/g dry) were analyzed simultaneously from June 1 to December 31. Air samples were taken using a low volume PUF active air sampler and the overall average air volume was about 900-1,000 m 3. Pine needles were collected at the end of August and December near the air sampler. Results: C a were higher at higher air temperature and lower chlorinated PCB congeners, but C p showed irregular distribution. The average PCB sampling rates from air to pine needles were 0.116 (0.002-0.389) m 3 /day-g dry. Conclusions: A poor correlation was shown between C a and C p. However, a good correlation was shown between the logarithm of octanol-air partitioning coefficient (logK oa) and log (C p /C a), and the interrelation was better with longer sampling time (June to December) than shorter sampling time (June to August). The average PCB sampling rates from air to pine needles were the lowest with respect to PUF disk, XAD-2 resin and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) PAS. The average ratio (C a-calc /C a-meas) of calculated (C a-calc) and measured (C a-meas) PCB concentration was 0.69 with a shorter sampling time and 1.24 with a longer, so C a-calc was close to C a-meas. It was found that pine needles can be used as PAS of atmospheric PCBs, and are especially suitable for long-time PAS.

Estimation of Atmospheric PCBs Concentrations of Several Sites Using Pine Needles as Passive Air Sampler(PAS)

“…[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] 지금까지 대기 중 POPs의 PAS로는 토양, 나뭇잎, 식물, 나무껍질, 이끼 등이 많이 이용되어 왔다. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] 그러나 상술한 PAS에 침착된 POPs 농도는 자외선, OH radical에 의한 분해, 풍속, PAS의 대기 중 노출 시간 등에 영향을 받기 때문에 PAS에 침착된 POPs † 농도로 대기 중 POPs 농도를 추정하는 데에는 어려 움이 많았다. [21][22][23][24] [6][7][8]10,11,13,15) 나뭇잎을 비롯한 식물잎은 대기 중 POPs의 PAS 로 사용하기 위해서는 먼저 대기 중 POPs 농도가 식물에 침착되는 양에 대한 관계식이 구해져야 한다.…”

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] 그러나 상술한 PAS에 침착된 POPs 농도는 자외선, OH radical에 의한 분해, 풍속, PAS의 대기 중 노출 시간 등에 영향을 받기 때문에 PAS에 침착된 POPs † 농도로 대기 중 POPs 농도를 추정하는 데에는 어려 움이 많았다. [21][22][23][24] [6][7][8]10,11,13,15) 나뭇잎을 비롯한 식물잎은 대기 중 POPs의 PAS 로 사용하기 위해서는 먼저 대기 중 POPs 농도가 식물에 침착되는 양에 대한 관계식이 구해져야 한다. 지금까지는 단기간 보호용기(shelter) 안에 식물을 넣 고 가스상 POPs의 농도를 변화시켜 가면서 POPs가 잎에 어떻게 침착되고 휘발되는지에 대한 연구가 많 이 이루어졌다.…”

Depositional characteristics of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers on tree barks

“…The deposition also depends significantly on the gas/particle fraction of POPs in the atmosphere [16-18]. POPs are present both in the gas phase and particulate phase since they are SOCs; because PBDEs have a greater molecular weight than PCBs and PCDD/Fs, even lower brominated PBDEs have relatively greater particle fraction [16-21].…”

“…However, because leaves and tree barks can be directly used during each collection, They are more convenient and economical than their artificial counterparts. Despite the advantages of the PAS collected from the nature, the deposition mechanism of POPs present in the atmosphere varies with the type of PAS samples; if this factor is not carefully considered this can lead to erroneous results [ 16 - 18 ].…”

Depositional Characteristics of Atmospheric PCBs in Several Media Used Passive Air Samplers

“…이럴 때 유용하게 이용되는 것이 passive air sampler (PAS)이다. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] 지금까지 대기 중 PCBs 등 POPs의 PAS로는 나 뭇잎, 나무껍질, 이끼와 토양 등이 많이 이용되어 왔 다. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] …”